Difference between revisions of "Kūkai / Kōbōdaishi Mantra"
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| − | Kūkai - 空海 - also known as Kōbōdaishi - 弘法大師 - was a tantric master who established the [[Vajrayana]] teachings in Japan in the early 9th century. He travelled to China in 804 and returned with many new texts, including early tantras, in 806. The school of Buddhism he founded is called Shingon-shū (真言宗) 'True Words School'. Zhēnyán (真言) is the Chinese translation the Sanskrit word 'mantra', and Shingon is Japanese pronunciation of the same characters. | + | [[Kūkai]] - [[空海]] - also known as Kōbōdaishi - [[弘法大師]] - was a [[tantric master]] who established the [[Vajrayana]] teachings in [[Japan]] in the early 9th century. He travelled to [[China]] in 804 and returned with many new texts, including early [[tantras]], in 806. The school of [[Buddhism]] he founded is called [[Shingon-shū]] ([[真言宗]]) 'True Words School'. [[Zhēnyán]] ([[真言]]) is the {{Wiki|Chinese}} translation the [[Sanskrit]] [[word]] '[[mantra]]', and [[Shingon]] is [[Japanese]] pronunciation of the same characters. |
| − | Kūkai's name combines two elements. Firstly Kū (空) which in Sanskrit is ākāśa and means space, or emptiness (in the sense of [[śūnyata]]). Kūkai had a strong association with the Bodhisattva Ākāśagarbha, known in Japanese as Kokūzo. Secondly Kai (海) means sea and perhaps relates to the story recounted by Oliver Statler in Japanese Pilgrimage that Kūkai gained Enlightenment on the coast at Cape Muroto, on Shikoku Island. So 'Kūkai' might be translated as Sea & Sky. | + | [[Kūkai's]] [[name]] combines two [[elements]]. Firstly [[Kū]] ([[空]]) which in [[Sanskrit]] is [[ākāśa]] and means [[space]], or [[emptiness]] (in the [[sense]] of [[śūnyata]]). [[Kūkai]] had a strong association with the [[Bodhisattva]] [[Ākāśagarbha]], known in [[Japanese]] as Kokūzo. Secondly [[Kai]] (海) means sea and perhaps relates to the story recounted by Oliver Statler in [[Japanese]] [[Pilgrimage]] that [[Kūkai]] gained [[Enlightenment]] on the coast at Cape Muroto, on {{Wiki|Shikoku}} [[Island]]. So '[[Kūkai]]' might be translated as Sea & Sky. |
| − | Kōbōdaishi is a title posthumously awarded in the year 921, after the preist Kangen (853-925) lobbied Emperor Daigo (醍醐天皇). This title means Great Teacher or Master (daishi, 天皇) who widely spreads the Dharma (kōbō, 醍醐). Kūkai is also known affectionately in Shingon circles as simply "The Daishi"; or as Odaishisama (お大師様), where 'O' and 'sama' are honorifics so we could translate as "Honoured Mr Great Teacher" | + | Kōbōdaishi is a title posthumously awarded in the year 921, after the preist Kangen (853-925) lobbied {{Wiki|Emperor Daigo}} (醍醐天皇). This title means [[Great Teacher]] or [[Master]] ([[daishi]], 天皇) who widely spreads the [[Dharma]] ([[kōbō]], 醍醐). [[Kūkai]] is also known affectionately in [[Shingon]] circles as simply "The [[Daishi]]"; or as Odaishisama ([[お大師様]]), where 'O' and '[[sama]]' are honorifics so we could translate as "Honoured Mr [[Great Teacher]]" |
| − | Kūkai was honoured as one of the three great calligraphers of his age. On the left is a fine example of Chinese brush style calligraphy by Kūkai. The mantra is namo amitabaḥ which is the mantra Amitabha. It includes on the left Kūkai's signature and below it his seal. Several examples of Kūkai's calligraphy are available in the Ashara-jō (* see below) including a Sanskrit Alphabet. | + | [[Kūkai]] was honoured as one of the three great calligraphers of his age. On the left is a fine example of {{Wiki|Chinese}} brush style {{Wiki|calligraphy}} by [[Kūkai]]. The [[mantra]] is [[namo]] amitabaḥ which is the [[mantra]] [[Amitabha]]. It includes on the left [[Kūkai's]] signature and below it his {{Wiki|seal}}. Several examples of [[Kūkai's]] {{Wiki|calligraphy}} are available in the Ashara-jō (* see below) including a [[Sanskrit]] [[Alphabet]]. |
| − | Because of the necessity to preserve the correct pronunciation of the mantras they were often not translated or transliterated, but preserved in the Siddhaṃ script, and so along with the tantra itself Kūkai introduced the study of Sanskrit and Siddhaṃ into the Shingon syllabus. This in turn had a direct influence on the development of the Japanese Kana scripts. | + | Because of the necessity to preserve the correct pronunciation of the [[mantras]] they were often not translated or transliterated, but preserved in the [[Siddhaṃ script]], and so along with the [[tantra]] itself [[Kūkai]] introduced the study of [[Sanskrit]] and [[Siddhaṃ]] into the [[Shingon]] {{Wiki|syllabus}}. This in turn had a direct influence on the [[development]] of the [[Japanese]] [[Kana]] scripts. |
| − | Kūkai also has a mantra of his own (see below) which is chanted by Shingon practioners. In Japanese this is known as a hōgō (保譽) | + | [[Kūkai]] also has a [[mantra]] of his [[own]] (see below) which is chanted by [[Shingon]] practioners. In [[Japanese]] this is known as a hōgō (保譽) |
==Mantra/Hōgō/保譽== | ==Mantra/Hōgō/保譽== | ||
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===Transliteration=== | ===Transliteration=== | ||
| − | '''na mu dai shi hen jō kon gō | + | '''na mu dai shi hen jō kon [[gō]] |
| − | '''namu daishi henjō kongō | + | '''[[namu]] [[daishi]] [[henjō]] kongō |
| − | 南 無 大 師 遍 照 金 剛 | + | [[南]] [[無]] 大 [[師]] [[遍]] 照 [[金 剛]] |
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
| − | This mantra is Japanese rather than Sanskrit, but Siddham can be used to write Japanese quite easily. In the Shingon school of modern times the 'Daishi mantra' is very important as he is treated as a Bodhisattva figure to whom one can appeal, as Tibetans do to Avalokiteśvara, with the hope of rebirth in Amitabha's pure land. | + | This [[mantra]] is [[Japanese]] rather than [[Sanskrit]], but [[Siddham]] can be used to write [[Japanese]] quite easily. In the [[Shingon school]] of {{Wiki|modern}} times the '[[Daishi]] [[mantra]]' is very important as he is treated as a [[Bodhisattva]] figure to whom one can appeal, as [[Tibetans]] do to [[Avalokiteśvara]], with the {{Wiki|hope}} of [[rebirth]] in [[Amitabha's pure land]]. |
| − | Hōgō means "treasure name". It is also applied to the Nembutsu (see Kūkai calligraphy above), which is a mantra associated with Amitābha. The modern Hōgō was in common use during the Muromachi era (ca 1336 - 1573), but seems to have been created in the mid-Kamakura Era by Dōhan (道範, 1178-1252) of the monastery Shōchi-in. It appears in Dōhan's work Himitsu nenbutsu shō (秘密念仏抄). | + | Hōgō means "[[treasure]] [[name]]". It is also applied to the [[Nembutsu]] (see [[Kūkai]] {{Wiki|calligraphy}} above), which is a [[mantra]] associated with [[Amitābha]]. The {{Wiki|modern}} Hōgō was in common use during the [[Muromachi]] {{Wiki|era}} (ca 1336 - 1573), but seems to have been created in the mid-Kamakura {{Wiki|Era}} by Dōhan (道範, 1178-1252) of the [[monastery]] Shōchi-in. It appears in Dōhan's work Himitsu [[nenbutsu]] [[shō]] (秘密念仏抄). |
| − | SOURCE: SHINJO Hinonishi; LONDO William (trans.) "The Hōgō (treasure name) of Kōbō Daishi and the development of beliefs associated with it," Japanese religions. 2002, vol. 27, no1, pp. 5-18 | + | SOURCE: SHINJO Hinonishi; LONDO William (trans.) "The Hōgō ([[treasure]] [[name]]) of [[Kōbō Daishi]] and the [[development]] of [[beliefs]] associated with it," [[Japanese]] [[religions]]. 2002, vol. 27, no1, pp. 5-18 |
| − | Namu is the Japanese pronunciation of the Sanskrit namo and means "homage". Daishi means "great teacher". And henjō kongō is Kūkai's tantric name: "Vairocana Vajra" in Sanskrit, and means something like "Illuminating Reality", or "Illuminating Diamond/Thunderbolt" in English. | + | [[Namu]] is the [[Japanese]] pronunciation of the [[Sanskrit]] [[namo]] and means "homage". [[Daishi]] means "[[great teacher]]". And [[henjō]] kongō is [[Kūkai's]] [[tantric]] [[name]]: "[[Vairocana]] [[Vajra]]" in [[Sanskrit]], and means something like "[[Illuminating]] [[Reality]]", or "[[Illuminating]] Diamond/Thunderbolt" in English. |
{{R}} | {{R}} | ||
Latest revision as of 19:27, 7 January 2016
Kūkai - 空海 - also known as Kōbōdaishi - 弘法大師 - was a tantric master who established the Vajrayana teachings in Japan in the early 9th century. He travelled to China in 804 and returned with many new texts, including early tantras, in 806. The school of Buddhism he founded is called Shingon-shū (真言宗) 'True Words School'. Zhēnyán (真言) is the Chinese translation the Sanskrit word 'mantra', and Shingon is Japanese pronunciation of the same characters.
Kūkai's name combines two elements. Firstly Kū (空) which in Sanskrit is ākāśa and means space, or emptiness (in the sense of śūnyata). Kūkai had a strong association with the Bodhisattva Ākāśagarbha, known in Japanese as Kokūzo. Secondly Kai (海) means sea and perhaps relates to the story recounted by Oliver Statler in Japanese Pilgrimage that Kūkai gained Enlightenment on the coast at Cape Muroto, on Shikoku Island. So 'Kūkai' might be translated as Sea & Sky.
Kōbōdaishi is a title posthumously awarded in the year 921, after the preist Kangen (853-925) lobbied Emperor Daigo (醍醐天皇). This title means Great Teacher or Master (daishi, 天皇) who widely spreads the Dharma (kōbō, 醍醐). Kūkai is also known affectionately in Shingon circles as simply "The Daishi"; or as Odaishisama (お大師様), where 'O' and 'sama' are honorifics so we could translate as "Honoured Mr Great Teacher"
Kūkai was honoured as one of the three great calligraphers of his age. On the left is a fine example of Chinese brush style calligraphy by Kūkai. The mantra is namo amitabaḥ which is the mantra Amitabha. It includes on the left Kūkai's signature and below it his seal. Several examples of Kūkai's calligraphy are available in the Ashara-jō (* see below) including a Sanskrit Alphabet.
Because of the necessity to preserve the correct pronunciation of the mantras they were often not translated or transliterated, but preserved in the Siddhaṃ script, and so along with the tantra itself Kūkai introduced the study of Sanskrit and Siddhaṃ into the Shingon syllabus. This in turn had a direct influence on the development of the Japanese Kana scripts.
Kūkai also has a mantra of his own (see below) which is chanted by Shingon practioners. In Japanese this is known as a hōgō (保譽)
Mantra/Hōgō/保譽
Transliteration
na mu dai shi hen jō kon gō
Notes
This mantra is Japanese rather than Sanskrit, but Siddham can be used to write Japanese quite easily. In the Shingon school of modern times the 'Daishi mantra' is very important as he is treated as a Bodhisattva figure to whom one can appeal, as Tibetans do to Avalokiteśvara, with the hope of rebirth in Amitabha's pure land.
Hōgō means "treasure name". It is also applied to the Nembutsu (see Kūkai calligraphy above), which is a mantra associated with Amitābha. The modern Hōgō was in common use during the Muromachi era (ca 1336 - 1573), but seems to have been created in the mid-Kamakura Era by Dōhan (道範, 1178-1252) of the monastery Shōchi-in. It appears in Dōhan's work Himitsu nenbutsu shō (秘密念仏抄).
SOURCE: SHINJO Hinonishi; LONDO William (trans.) "The Hōgō (treasure name) of Kōbō Daishi and the development of beliefs associated with it," Japanese religions. 2002, vol. 27, no1, pp. 5-18
Namu is the Japanese pronunciation of the Sanskrit namo and means "homage". Daishi means "great teacher". And henjō kongō is Kūkai's tantric name: "Vairocana Vajra" in Sanskrit, and means something like "Illuminating Reality", or "Illuminating Diamond/Thunderbolt" in English.
