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TIBETAN HISTORY AND LANGUAGE STUDIES DEDICATED TO URAY GEZA ON HIS SEVENTIETH BIRTHDAY HERAUSGEGEBEN VON ERNST STEINKELLNER WIEN 1991 ARBEITSKREIS FOR TIBETISCHE UNO BUDDHISTISCHE STUDIEN UNIVERSITAT WIEN A BRIEF POLffiCAL HISTORY OF TIBET BY GU-RU BKRA-SHis· by Dan Martin, Bloomington Introduction Our contemporary historians, for obvious reasons: tend to get most excited about the oldest historical works. They think, "The older, the better." This thoroughly defensible attitude might lead them to neglect the rather different advantages of more recent historical works, which may be based on a range of sources no longer accessible, may have treated those sources with relatively greater critical sense, more "wisdom in hindsight", and may provide coverage for the longer spans of historical transmissions and developments. J11e present writing is intended to briefly introduce one such late historical work; next, and most generally, to supply an outline which may encourage researchers to make better use of it; and, finally, to supply one small, relatively independent portion of the text in transcription and translation. The early nineteenth century history by Gu-ru Bkra-shis, also known as Stagsgang Mkhas-mchog Ngag-dbang-blo-gros, 1 was first made available in reprint with a four volume cursive manuscript reproduction published in 1979? Somewhere in the vicinity of 1985-1986, a five volume reproduction of a non-cursive manuscript also appeared. 3 The title in full is Bstan-pa'i Snying-po Gsang-chen Snga-'gyur Nges• Dedicated to Geza Uray, whose inimitable works on Tibetan history I have admired for many years. I would also like to acknowledge Elliot Sperling (Bloomington) for teaching me so much of what I think I know about Tibetan political history and also Christopher Atwood (Bloomington) for so kindly and quickly supplying the Mongolian spellings for certain names and titles that occur in the -" translated text. 1 He signs his work with the names Ngag-dbang-blo-gros and Dbyangs-can-dga'-ba'i-blo-gros (the latter being also a name of the Dge-lugs-pa author A-kya Yongs-'dzin). 2 3 GU-RU BKRA-SHIS, Chos- 'byung [B]. I refer to this simply as Version B. GU-RU BKRA-SHIS, Chos-'byung [A]. So far as I know, this edition, unlike Version B, was never made available to the U.S. "Special Languages Foreign Currency" (or PIA80) acquisition programs. This version was acquired at the monastic residence of Dingo Khyentse (Dis-mgo Mkhyen-brtse) Rinpoche in Bodhanath, Nepal. The outline of the contents of Version A (supplied below) should be 330 D. Martin I ·. don Zab-mo'i Chos-kyi 'Byung-ba Gsal-bar Byed-pa'i Legs-bshad: Mkhas-pa Dga'byed Ngo-mtshar Gtam-gyi Rol-mtsho, for which we might attempt a translation 1 something like the following: Myriad Amazing Narrative Dramas for Scholarly Entertainment: Belletristic Illuminating the Emergence of the Profound and Uncompro- I ·misingly Presented Dharma of the Old Translations, the Supreme Secret Heart of 1 Buddha's Teachings. !.. Unfortunately, I have at present no particular information about the author apart from what may be learned from the history itself. 4 We may know, from internal references, that he had one teacher who is called Nyi-sprul (II 75.4] 5 and another whom he calls Rdzogs-cben Dbon Rin-po-che. The tit}e Nyi-sprul refers to a chain of reincarnations of Nyi-ma-grags-pa (1647-1710). 6 in another place [IV 154.1], Gu-ru Bkra-shis gives a fuller name ヲッセ@ this particular Nyi-sprul: Padmatheg-mchog-bstan-pa'i-rgyal-mtsban (born 1712) and quite a few pages are devoted to his biography (IV 463.3-498.6]. This Nyi-sprul (a.k.a. Rig-'dzin Bstan-skyong-rgyamtsho) was the third in a succession of abbots of the monastery at Stag-mo-sgang where the original Nyi-ma-grags-pa had spent the final years of his life. We may be sure that Gu-ru Bkra-shis also belonged to this same monastery (called, in full, Stag-mo-sgang Skal-bzang-phun-tshogs-gling7) since he is given the title Stag-sgang Mkbas-rnchog, "the best scholar of Stag-[mo-]sgang". This place is in Khams, not far from Derge (Sde-dge ). We also know from the colophon that the main body of the history was written between the years Fire Hare and Earth Snake of the thirteenth sixty-year cycle8 i which correspond to 1807 and 1809. He had to wait a few years for some documents that he needed. Then, in the Water Monkey [1812], he wrote the sixth main t I ,. Ii1 used together with the outline of Version B given in CLTIVA I, pp. 163-168 (nos. 129-132) in order to quickly locate items of interest in one or both versions. Note that Gu-ru Bkra-shis' history is mentioned in DARGYAY, Rise of Esoteric, p. 73. 1 4 There must surely be some information about him in biographies of his contemporaries and in later Rnying-ma histories, although I have not yet noticed any such references. 5 The Roman numerals inside the square brackets refer to the volume number in Version A (the · five volume edition), and the line number follows the page number, separated by a decimal point. 6 Nyi-ma-grags-pa was a rather famous gter-ston, student of the Padma-rig-'dzin who founded Rdzogs-chen Monastery in 1685. I have dealt briefly and in general with the life of Nyi-ma-grags-pa in my dissertation. Meanwhile, see BLONDEAU, "Controverse", for an interesting discussion of the controversy surrounding the exclusion of the rediscoveries of Nyi-ma-grags-pa from the Rin-chen Gter · .,J Mdzod. 7 It was at this monastery that he completed the composition of the history according to the colophon [V 437.2]. 8 On the Tibetan chronological system, see URAY, "Earliest Evidence" and the literature which he cites there. . セ@ 1l A Brief Political History of Tibet 331 topic and the section about New Tantras. Finally, in 1813, he worked on the corrections to his draft, and it was apparently in that same year that the work was completed, and perhaps distributed on a modest scale. · \ The history as a whole has eight main topics (spyi don): · A. The first is "How the Teacher Came into the World" [I 19.1-162.1). This section deals with the formation of the universe [I 19.2], the Buddhas of the past [36], the prior rebirths of the Buddha of the present times Sakyamuni, the twelve deeds of Sakyamuni [37.3), and certain special versions of his life as told in Mahayana and Vajrayana scriptures [125.4]. This latter part has a discussion of the Trikaya doctrine. The final section ends with the manifestations of Buddha in Rdzogs-chen thought [130.4]. 1 I I II B. The second main topic is the "Teaching of the Buddhas" [I 162.1]. This opens with a trio of themes beginning with the three turnings of the Wheel of Dharma, then the nine Vehicles idea [167.5], the third being the compilation of scriptures [218.4]. It continues with the histories of how the teachings (as just defined) entered into the world; first, in India [224.5), then in Tibet [368.4 ). The part about India includes stories about several of the famous Indian progenitors of Rdzogs-chen teachings according to both continuously transmitted (bka'-ma) and rediscovered (gter-ma) sources, but the greatest attention is paid to Padmasambhava's life [317.6-368.5], including his visit to 'Gro-lding, or Dra-rni-dro-pa, which has been identified with Madagascar [354.1-361.4]. 9 To mention a few highlights of the section on Tibet, which covers basically the period of the Tibetan Emperors: The time when Tibet was a lake [370.5], the former spirit inhabitants [372], the story of the ape and ogress [373], the first clans and the origins of border peoples [373-374 ], the first Emperor [376], the origin of salt [378.4], Srong-btsan-sgarn-po [379.2], Thon-rni Sambhota [379.4], the invitation of foreign monks and translations from Chinese [381], the seven wise ministers [381.4-384.4], Khri-srong-lde-btsan [384.4], Sang-shi -returns with books from China [388.6], the activities of Padmasambhava in Tibet, the building of Bsam-yas, the successors of Khrisrong-lde-btsan [436.1], and the twenty-five disciples of Padmasambhava I 9 TUCCI, "Sea and Land Travels", pp. 311-3U. The tradition that Pad..illasambhava journeyed there might not be older than the Padmasambhava biography by Taranatha (b. 1575). Taranatha's Indian teacher Buddhagupta did travel to 'Gro-lding according to his biography by Taranatha himself. A place called 'Gro-'ding-ba'i Yul is known to the 1557 Rnying-ma history by MKHYEN-RABRGYA-MISHO (Sangs-rgyas Bstan-pa'i Chos-'byung [1984], p. 548.1). .. ! D. Martin · 332 [442.5]. The second main topic ends with a discussion of the relative merits of the old and new translations [473.4-477.3]. C. The third main topic concerns the continuously transmitted (bka'-ma) I ·i I i i ! ! l teachings [I 477.5-II 447.2]. This begins with the life of the Tibetan monk Vairocana [I 478.1] and the Rdzogs-chen precepts of the Sems [487.5] and ' Klang classes [504.4] that came through him, then the precepts of the Man-ngag class that came through Vimalamitra, especially the Snying-thig [540.4]. The biographies of lineage holders of the Man-ngag class are told up until Klongchen-pa [II 32.3], and then several distinct lines of subsequent lineage holders [II 62.1]. Then there is a general history of the Mdo Sgyu Sems (meaning the three main tantras of the Maha-, Anu- and Ati-yoga Vehicles [114.5]). This begins with Gnyags Jflanakumara, then Sog-po Dpal-gyi-ye-sbes [123.6], Gnubs-chen Sangs-rgyas-ye-shes [125.2], Zur-po-che [138.2], and so on, ending with a biography of the most famous Rnying-ma-pa intellectual of the Second Spread, Rong-zom-pa [319.5], noting that he composed texts on farming and animal husbandry [329.1]. This main topic comes to a close with a treatment of the different schools of transmission of the Phur-pa cycles [335.1), and a few words about the transmission of the monastic vows [404.1)-. D. The fourth and perhaps the most substantial of the main topics is this one devoted to the rediscoverers of hidden "treasures" (which are not limited to texts, but include much more), the gter-stons [II 447.2-III 262.2). This opens with scriptural justifications for the gter-ma phenomenon. These scriptures are those which stress the possibility for continuing revelations and the continuing "presence" of the Buddha, such as the Pratyutpanna-Buddha-Sa1f1.mukhavasthita-Samtldhi-Sutra [447.3]. 10 A more or less complete list of the gter-ston biographies is supplied in a footnoteY This main topic comes to an end with 1 °For a thorough study and translation of this sutra, see HARRISON, Pratyutpanna. 1 11 Version A, vol. II: 452.4 Sangs-rgyas-bla-ma. 454.6 Rgya Lo-tsa-ba. 455.5 Sna-nam-pa. 456.2 Zhang-khrom. 464.4 Surya-siddha (Surya-sidha) . 467.4 Ston Shak. 468.2 Bon-po Drag-rtsal. 469.6 Snye-mo Zhu-yas. 471.6 Grub-thob Dngos-grub. 474.2 Gtsug-lag-dpal-dge (Newari gter-ston in time of Rin-chen-bz.ang-po). 476.6 Ku-sa Sman-pa ( =Khu-tsha Zla-'od). 477.5 Bon-po Lha-'bum (in time of Mar-pa). 478.5 Khyung-po Dpal-dge. 480.5. Sha-mi Rdor-rgyal. 481.3 Ldang-ma Lhun-rgyal. 482.1 Gra-pa Mngon-shes. 487.4 Rak-sha Gter-ston. 490.2 Nyang-ral Nyi-ma-'od-zer. 503.1 Khyung-thog. 503.6 Ra-mo-shel-sman. 508.5 Gu-ru Chos-dbang. 509.2 Story of a Bon Gnya'-rengs in time of Khrisrong. 530.4 Gu-ru Jo-rtse. 532.5 Padma-dbang-phyug. 534.6 Do-ban Rgya-mtsho. 536.3 Ri-shi Stonpa. 537.3 nケゥMGッセァウ。ャN@ 538.4 Chos-kyi-rdo-rje. 539.2 G .yag-phyar-sngon-mo. 542.4 Grum and Mkharnag. 544.1 Lha-btsun Sngon-po. 546.2 Khams-pa Nyi-ma-grags. 548.3 Padma-las-'brel-rtsal. 558.4 Tsbebrtan-rgyal-mtshan. 561.4 Rin-chen-gling-pa. 571.2 0-rgyan-gling-pa. 580.1 Klong-cben-pa. 584.1 Rogrje-gling-pa. 594.2 Gter-bdag-gling-pa. 595.3 Kun-skyong-gling-pa. 6U.1 0-rgyan-mdo-sngags-gling-pa. .t _; セ@ セ@ ... •;_t 'A Brief Political History of Tibet 333 discussions of chronological problems relative to the emergence of fiter-stons 621.5 Padma-tshe-dbang-rgyal-po. 628.4 Rdo-rje-gling-pa. 639.3 Sangs-rgyas-gling-pa. 660.1 Padmagling-pa. 672.5 'J a' -mtshon-snying-po. 684.5 Bsam-gtan-gling-pa. 685.6 Zhig-po-gling-pa Gar-gyi-dbangphyug (1524-1583) [689.6 disapproval of Dalai Lama V]. 690.2 The "hidden country" (sbas-yuf) Sregpa-lung. 690.6 Bde-chen-gling-pa. 696.1 Ratna-gling-pa (1403-1478). 713.5 Lhun-grub Pho-brang · Rgyud-'bum. 714.4 Karma-gling-pa. 719.2 Nyi-zla-chos-rje. 720.5 Surya-rasmi. 721.3 Nam-mkha'-choskyi-rgya-mtsho. 724.4 Discussion of the various gter-ston called Las-'phro-gling-pa. 725.3 'Gro-'dul-las'phro-gling-pa. 732.2 Kun-dga' -dpal-bzang. 733.3 Gar-dbang-las-'phro-gling-pa. 730.2 Dri-med rnam gsum (threegter-ston with "Dri-m_ed" as a component of their names) . 730.4 Dri-med-kun-dga'. 742.4 Dri-med-lhun-po. 753.5 Rdor-'bum Chos-kyi-grags-pa. 756.2 Kun-dga'-'bum (a female gter-ston ) . 759.4 Bzang-po-grags-pa. 763.6 Rdo-rje-kun-grags. 765.1 Rgya-phur-bu. 766.3 Gnubs-cbung. 7703 Rgya-ston ·· Brtson-'grus-seng-ge. 770.6 Gnyag-ston Lha-'bar. 771.3 Sangs-rgyas-dbang-chen. 774.5 Gter-ston Grugu. 776.1 Dpal-gyi-rgyal-mtshan. 779.1 Nyi-zla-sangs-rgyas. 781.2 Gzi-brjid-'bar. 781.5 Shes-rab-'od. 782.1 Sar-ban Phyogs-med. 784.2 Me-long-rdo-rje. 784.5 The earlier and later Dung-mtsho-ras-pa. 786.5 Rgod-ldem ( = Rgod-kyi-ldem-'phru-can, 1337-1408). 804.5 Ba-mkhal-smug-po. 805.2 'Jamdbyangs-bla-ma. 806.4 Ye-shes-khyung-grags. 807.5 Sangs-rgyas-'bar. 808.3 Zla-ba-rdo-rje. 808.4 Badzra-ma-ti (Indian gter-ston in Nepal). 809.5 Ati.Sa. 816.5 Lha-btsun Byang-chub-'od. 819.6 Zhang" ; zbung mantras. 820.5 'Gram Cbos-snying. 821.2 Byang-chub-blo-gros. 822.4 Se-ston Ring-mo. 823 Khala-me-'bar I 'Od-zer-ston-pa I Mo-mi-'khyil. 824.1 Rin-seng. 827.2 Shakya-'od or Shakya-bzang-po. 828.2 Bal-ba-ring-mo. 828.5 La-stod Dmar-po. 829.6 The three gter-ston, and the story of Dar-'phyarba. 835.5 Me-nyag Grags-'byung. 835.6 Gter-ston disciples of Chos-dbang. 836.5 Sho-ban Rgyal-sraslegs-ldan. 840.6 Zangs-ri-ras-pa. 842.3 Gnyal-pa Nyi-ma-shes-rab. 846.5 Khro-phu Lo-tsa-ba. 847.5 Medical gter-ma, including those of Sum-ston Ye-shes-zung ( = Ye-shes-gzungs). 849.4 Brang-ti Mkharba. 850.3 Nyang-ti Shes-rab-grags, Chos-'bar, Hum-'bar. 851.3 Skal-ldan-byis-pa. 852.3 Nyi-ma-sengge. 852.4 Gnyal-ston Jo-sras. 853.1 Shes-rab-me-'bar. 856 Khams-pa Me-zor, Sna-nam Thub-rgyal. 856.6 Thang-stong-rgyal-po. Vol. III: 2.1 Gnyen-lo Dar-ma-grags. 8.1 Bal-po A-hum-pa, gter-ston. 8.5 Rgya-ban Rdo-rje-'od. 9.3 Dpal-bo. 9.6 Dbang-chen-bzang-po. 10.1 Zangs-gling-dbang-phyug. 10.2 Sbur-so-bya'u-mgon. 10.5 Yang-ban Ri-khrod-pa Seng-ge. 11.1 Drang-srong Don-grub-'bar 13.3 Mgon-po-rin-chen. 17.3 Rangbyung-ye-shes. 17.2 Bse-ban Nyi-ma'i-snying-po. 17.3 Yongs-'dzin Ngag-dbang-grags-pa. 18.1 Gdongdkar-la-kha-ba. 18.6 Stag-lung-pa Sangs-rgyas-dbon-po. 20.3 'Brug-sgom-zhig-po. 20.5 Bkra-shis-tshebrtan. 21.2 Mchog-ldan-rdo-rje. 21.6 Byang-chub-dpal-mo. 22.5 Ma-ha-badzra. 24.2 Padma-rig-'dzin. 25.3 Bla-ma Zhang. Other Gsar-ma gter-ston. 28.2 Ba-ri Lo-tsa-ba. 30.1 Dus-gsum-mJr..hyen-pa. 30.6 Dung-mtsho-ras-pa. 33.3 Ti-phu-pa. 34.5 Mar-pa and Mi-la-ras-pa. 35.4 Rang-byung-rdo-rje. 36.5 Nyaras-se-bo. 37.1 Karma-pa Chos-grags-rgya-mtsho. 37.6 Gnyan Lo-tsa-ba. 38.1 Tshar-chen Blo-gsalrgya-mtsho. 38.3 Kun-dga'-rin-chen. 39.4 Tsong-kba-pa. 40.2 Dge-slong-ma Dpal-mo. 43 A list of other gter-ston. 44-49 This is an appendix added by Kw1-bzang-gz.han-phan . [This is a name for Rdo-ba Grubchen I 'Jigs-med-'phrin-las-'od-zer, 1745-1821.] 50.1 Yol-mo Sprul-sku Shakya-bzang-po. 56.6 Mnga'ris Pan-chen p。、ュM「ョァセイケャッェ・L@ and his younger brother Legs-ldan-rdo-rje. 80.6 'Phrang-mgo Gter-ston Shes-rab-'od-zer. 85.3 Rin-chen-phun-tshogs. 95.1 'Phreng-po Gter-ston Shes-rab-'od-zer. 112.4 Mkhyen-brtse'i-dbang-phyug. 129.6 Karma-gu-ru, =Byang-bdag Bkra-shis-stobs-rgyal. 148.5 Yolmo Sprul-sku Bstan-'dzin-nor-bu, at Bodhanath. 161.3 Bdud-'dul-rdo-rje. 176.3 Ma-ti-ratna. 177.4 Klong-gsal-snying-po. 186.3 Rong-ston Padma-blo-gros, = Padma-bde-chen-gling-pa. 187.1 Stag-shamrdo-rje. 189.5 Rol-pa'i-rdo-rje. 192.6 Mi-'gyur-rdo-rje. 193.4 Ngag-dbang-phrin-las and Padma-dbangphyug. 194.6 Tshe-dbang-nor-bu. 199.5 Rig-'dzin Nam-mkha', = Rmog-grub Rig-'dzin. 204.4 Gardbang-rdo-rje, = Zla-ba-rgyal-mtshan, etc. 209.3 Stobs-ldan-rdo-rje. 212.3 Thugs-mchog-rdo-rje ( = Hum-nag-'gro-'dul). 218.4 Theg-gling Karma-'gro-don-rnthar-phyin. 222.4 Kun-bzang-bde-chenrgyal-po. 228.6 Khams-sprul Ngag-dbang-kun-dga' -bstan-'dzin. 233.6 E-ne-ring Chos-rje. 234.4 Rdo-rjethogs-med. 242.6 Lha-sdings Zhabs-drung. 250.3 Dwags-po Rin-po-che. 334 D. Martin (their prophecies usually connect them with specific Tibetan political developments [ill 252]) and on bow the genuineness of gter-stons (for everyone agrees that some have been frauds) may be tested [260.3]. E. The fifth main topic is "visionary teachings", in Tibetan, dag snang [III 262.1-401.5]: This is a collection of biographies of famous Tibetan visionaries.12 F. The sixth main topic is a general survey of Rnying-ma-pa monasteries (including monasteries of other sects which followed Rnying-ma religious practices) and their abbatiallineages (gdan-rabs) [III 401.5-V 125.6]. This is the · most interesting part of Gu-ru Bkra-shis' history from several perspectives. It makes use of many sources, both oral and written, not currently accessible, and it includes a few appended sections, one of them being the one that will be translated shortly. The survey of monasteries is arranged geographically. It begins with monasteries of.Lho-brag and Mon-yul (which here includes Bhutan and neighboring areas on the borderlands of Tibetan and Indian culture )_13 Then it procedes to the area of Yamdok (Yar-'brog) Lake and other central areas of Central Tibet [III 447.5-IV 106.1]. 14 Then there are the monasteries 12 Version A, vol. Ill: 268.3 Zla-ba-rgyal-mtshan. 268.5 Ras-chung-pa. 269.6 G.yu-thog Yon-tanmgon-po. 282.2 Lho-brag Grub-chen Las-kyi-rdo-rje. 297.2 Karma-pa Mthong-ba-don-ldan. 297.4 Eodong Sangs-rgyas-mgon·po. 297.6 Ras-chen Dpal-'byor-bzang-po. 298.2 Bsam-gtan-gling-pa Nammkha'-bsod-nams. 300.6 Skyer-sgang-pa Chos-kyi-seng-ge. 302.2 Karma-pa Mi-bskyod-dbang-po. 3025 'Brug-chen Padma-dkar-po. 303.5 'Ja'-tshon-me-'bar. 305.3 Rig-'dzin Bkra-shis-rgya-mtsho. 305.6 'Bri· gung Dkon-mchog-rin-chen. 306.2 Nam-mkha'-'jigs-med (opener of the "hidden country" Sikkim). 311.5 Rig-' dzin Phrin-las-lhun-grub. 313.1 The Fifth Dalai Lama. 333.4 Rig-'dzin Mi-'gyur-rdo-rje. 346.6 Karma-chags-med. 353.3 Rang-rig-ras-pa. 355.4 Nyi-grags Rgyal-sras 0-rgyan-bstan-'dzin. 3555 Rje-drung Rin-po-che . 365.3 Rig-'dzin G.yung-mgon-rdo-rje. 365.5 'Jigs-med-gling-pa. 392.2 Kun· bzang-gzhan-phan, 399.3 Blo-bzang-chos-kyi-dbang-phyug. The listings of monasteries and abbots in this and the following notes are ッセケ@ partial. Version A, vol. III: 403.2 'Ug-pa-lung and Gsang-sngags-gling. 404.3 Smra-bo-lcog in Lho-brag (founded by Nyang-ral Nyi-ma-'od-zer). 416.1 La-yag Gu-ru Lha-khang (Bsam-'grub-bde-chen Lha-khang) first founded by Gu-ru Chos-dbang. 416.5 Lhun-grub Pho-brang (headquarters of Ratna-gling-pa). 416.6 Chags Byang-chub-gling (headquarters of a disciple of Padma-gling-pa named Byang-chub-gling-pa). 417.1 Mkhar-chu Bdud-'joms-gling (founded by Dalai Lama V). 13 14 Version A, vol. III: 447.5 Yar-'brog Yon-po-do. 448.1 Zang-zang Lha-brag (on the north side of the Gtsang-po in Gtsang La-stod) 448.3 Gtsang Ri-bo-che (founded by Thang-stong-rgyal-po ). 4493 Brgya-mkhar Gsang-sngags-chos-gling. 450.5 Se lineage splits into Brgya-mkhar-ba and Bkra-bzang-pa. Bkra-bzang founded by Rgod-ldem. 456.4 Tshes-bcu Sgrub-sde (founded by Thang-stong-rgyal-po). : 458.2 Sman-lung. 459.6 Dpal-ri (in 'Phyongs-rgyas valley). 460.5 Abbatial succession of Rdo-rje-brag. .t' descendents of Rgod-ldem. 475.6 Mnga'-ris Rig-'dzin and the beginning of Rdo-rj e-brag, the Rdor- ik brag Rig-'dzin line. 476.1 Rig-'dzin Dbang-po'i-sde. 477.5 Rig- 'dzin Ngag-gi-dbang-po (son of the ! former, and actual founder of Rdo-rje-brag) . 496.3 Sprul-sku Bstan-'dzin-nor-bu. 498.6 Padma-phrin- t :1 . 1 M セ@ ᄋ セ@ "" ᄋセM セ@ A Brief Political History of Tibet 335 of smaller areas in the eastern fringes of Central Tibet - Gnyal, Lo-ro, E, Dwags-po, Kong-po and Spo-bo. 15 Finally, we reach the area of Khams, where the Rnying-ma monasteries in and near Sde-dge receive the most attenエゥッョNQセ@ This main topic ends with two appended histories: one of the kings of Sde-dge (Derge [V 83]), including information on the Sde-dge printery [101.2], and another on the rulers of Central Tibet [116.6] (to be translated below). t r ;·· G. The seventh main topic is on the New Tantra schools [V 125.6-285.4]. This includes brief general treatments of the various religious traditions ·of Tibet (with the notable exception of Bon), and even of different reincarnation lineagesY There is then a history of Lhasa, the Jo-khang, and Bsam-yas during the early Second Spread times (the tenth through twelfth centuries), including some interesting information on the famous Lhasa dike [225.3]. This part closes with an appendix on the historically close relations between the Old and New Translation schools, about various incidents of intersectarian strife, and a plea for religious tolerance [230.1]. las. Vol. IV: 29.5 Smin-grol-gling Monastery. 79 .2 'Bri-gung Gsang-sngags-pho-brang (founded by Mi-nyag Sgom-chen; had 70,000 monks). 79.5 Rin-chen-phun-tshogs. _ 15 Version A, vol. IV: In Gnyal and Lo-ro: 106.5 Gnyal 0-rgyan-gling. 107.2 Reference to a Gterby one G.yung-ston Rdo-rje. 109.3 Monasteries in the area known as E . 110.4 Monasteries in Dwags-po. 111.2 Rtse-le monastery. 112.4 Abbatial succession of Sgam.-po. 147.2 Monasteries in Kong-po. The Bya-khyung-pa lineage. 149.1 The Snyim-phu-ba lineage. 154.2 Kong-po Thang-'brog Monastery (founded by Bstan-'dzin-rdo-rje) . 165.3 Monasteries in Spo-bo. Note: The historical geography of Dwags-po and neighboring regions in the eastern parts of Central Tibet has been discussed in URAY, "Nag.ri.i.dags.po", pp. 1504-1506. ston Brgya-rtsa gエ・イセG「ケオョァ@ 16 Version A, val. IV: 167.1 Monasteries in Khams: 167.6 Kah-thog Monastery's history and abbatial succession (see EIMER & TSERING, "List of Abbots of Ka}:l-thog"). 189.4 Abbots of Dpal-yul (began in the tradition of Ka}:l-thog, but with the addition of the Gnam-chos teachings of Karmachags-med). 204.3 Rdzogs-chen Monastery (founded in 1685), its history and abbots, including a brief history of the Mkha'-'gro Snying-thig. 205.3 The abbot Padma-rig-'dzin. 240.4 His compositions. 246.6 Some doubts about Padri:ia-rig-'dzin expressed in Byang A-ta-rong-gi Deb-ther (?). 251.5 Nyi-ma-gragspa. 331.2 Rgya-rong Rtag-brtan-phun-tshogs-rnam-rgyal-sgrub-grwa. 351.1-436 Biography of Nyi-magrags-pa-rtsal. ( = Nyi-ma-grags-pa, = Gar-dbang-'gro-'dul-gling-pa, 1647-1710). Vol. V: 40.4 Klong-chen-rol-pa-rtsal, =Rig-pa'i-rdo-rje. 59.2 Rdzogs-chen Rab-'byams-pa Bstanpa'i-rgyal-mtshan. 72.3 Padma-gsang-sngags-bstan-'dzin-chos-rgyal. Abbatial succession of Zhe-chen Bstan-gnyis-dar-rgyas-gling ends o_n p. 82.3. 17 Version A, val. V: 137.1 Bka'-gdams-pa. 141.3 Sa-skya-pa. 147.2 Ngor-pa. 155.4 Dga'-ldan-pa. 168.3 Bka'-brgyud. 173.5 Karma-pa. 184.6 Zhwa-dmar. 188.3 Si-tu. 191.2 Dpa'-bo. 193.2 Rgyal-tshab .. 194.2 Kre-bo ( =Tre-bo ) . 195.1 Phag-gru ( = Phag-mo-gru-pa). 202.2 Stag-lung-pa and 'Brug-pa. 214.4 Jo-nang-pa. 216.4 Zhwa-lu-pa. 218.6 Bo-dong-pa. 220.1 Shangs-pa. 221.1 Zhi-byed-pa. 222.3 Gcod. 224.4 Mahamudra (Phyag-rgya-chen-po ) . 336 D. Martin H. The eighth and final main topic is devoted to the traditional sciences [V 285 .4-415.5]. The "sciences" or "awarenesses" (rig-pa) are listed in different orders in the sources, but Gu-ru Bkra-shis follows the order of Stag-tshang Lotstsha-ba. Art/industry/ craft (bzo-ba rig-pa) comes first [288.5]. Gu-ru Bkra-shis concentrates on the iconographic arts of sculpting, painting, calligraphy (including the origins of T1betan script, etc.), and mchod-rten architecture. Then he tells about medicine (gso-ba rig-pa) [309.6] and the history of medicine in India and Tibet, including the famous Tazig physician with the Greek name Ga-le-:-nos [318.6] who served at the court of the Tibetan Emperor,l 8 the Indian physician Caraka [328.6], and others. Third is the "science of sound", or language science (sgra rig-pa, 334.1-358.2). This has discussions about the usages of the Tibetan words for "letter" and "word" (yi-ge, ming, and tshig), as well as a history of language science in India (including, of course, Pa-J).i-ni [340.2]) and Tibet [356.1]. The fourth science might be called "logico-epistemology", to translate this "untranslatable term" 19 (tshad-ma'i rig-pa [358.2]). Gu-ru Bkra-shis gives a very brief treatment of the history of this perplexing subject. The fifth science, "inner awareness" or "Buddhist science" (nang rig-pa), is set apart from the others, which are considered "secular", because held in common with the non-Buddhist Indian traditions. He does not deal here with "Buddhist science" in any detail [368.1-369.6], since he has discussed it already. These preceding are known collectively as the "five great sciences". Then Gu-ru Bkra-shis goes on to the "five lesser sciences". Here, following the order given by Dpal-kbang Lo-tstsha-ba, he begins with astrology / astronomy [369.6]. He focusses his attention on the Kalacakra system, and the development of the Tibetan astra-traditions. Then comes "poetics" (snyan-ngag [376.4-381.4 ]), "metrics" (sdebs-sbyor [381.4-384.4 ]), "synonymy" (mngon-brjod [384.4-386.1 ]), and "dramaturgy" (zlos-gar [386.1-391.1 ]). This last is mainly devoteJ to the Indian drama best known to Tibetan tradition, the Nagananda?0 The work proper then ends with the different systems of chronological calculation [391.1-415.5] according to scriptural sources and later Tibetan interpreters: This long book does at last come to an end with a rather long colophon, which is of interest to us for the works Gu-ru Bkra-shis lists as his sources. Besides works of history which are very well known to us, such as the Blue i. I I 18 19 20 BECKWITI-!, "Introduction of Greek Medicine". KUUP, Contributions, p. vii. MORGENSTIERNE, "Tibetan Version". I I!-. A Brief Political History of Tibet 337 Annals, he mentions the history by 'Dul-'dzin Mkhyen-rab-rgya-mtsho, a Rnying-ma history written in 1557, which is now available in two different Indian reprints? 1 Gu-ru Bkra-shis mentions that he once saw a copy of this book, but could not procure a copy for his own use. He says that he used, for the part on the traditional sciences, the Mkhas-pa'i Dga'-ston, the Rig-gnas Kun Shes of Stag-tshang Lo-tstsha-ba/2 the Bstan-bcos G.ya' Sel of 'Jam-mgon Sara (i.e., Sde-srid Sangs-rgyas-rgya-mtsho) and an unknown work by a son of Gter-bdag-gling-pa named Ratna-bi-dza-ya. 23 The first is the well known history by the second Dpa' -bo Rin-po-che, while the second has yet to come to light. The miniscule part of this gigantic history that I have chosen to translate is not the most interesting one in the sense that it supplies information unavailable elsewhere. It in fact has little or nothing to add to our knowledge of particular events in Tibetan history. I believe that it does have some value as a brief overview of Tibetan political history from the ninth to nineteenth centuries \Hitten by a Tibetan. There is a common wisdom that all of Tibetan literature, including history, is religious in nature and that political history was never valued as a subject for study. Gu-ru Bkra-shis' history of central Tibet's political leaders does not really lead us to question this common wisdom. It is, after all, rather unique, very short, and presented with an apology. It is true that most of Tibetan literary culture was in the hands of the monks, and reflects their own special interests in philosophy, spiritual cultivation and ritual. Yet there do exist some Tibetan historical works with a political focus, such as the Red Annals, the Rgya Bod Yig-tshang and, of course, the history by the Fifth Dalai Lama which Gu-ru Bkra-shis used as the main source for the first half of his summary. It may be that the Rnying-ma-pa affiliation of Gu-ru Bkra-shis would explain his inclusion of a treatment of political history. There were a few times, most 21 MKHYEN-RAB-RGYA-MTSHO, Sangs-rgyas Bstan-pa'i Chos-'byu.ng (1981 & 1984). This is by no means the earliest religious history (chos-'byu.ng), nor is ·it the earliest Rnying-ma work of that genre. Among the Rnying-ma histories, we have now available three reprints based on different manuscripts of a history by the gter-ston, Nyang-ral Nyi-ma-'od-zer (late 12th century), as well as two different length publications of the history by Mkhas-pa Lde'u (apparently from the latter half of the 13th century). For some valuable information concerning the chos-'byu.ng literature in the 11th through 13th centuries, see URAY, "Review", pp. 384-385. 22 This may refer to a work by Stag-tshang Lo-tstsha-=-ba about erecting the "three receptacles" (Rten Gsum Bzhengs Tshul) listed in MHTL no. 13070. A work with a similar title, but devoted to Buddhist philosophy, the Grub-mtha' Kun Shes, is available. 23 This is a Sanskritized form of the name Rin-chen-rnam-rgyal, which belonged to one of the sons of Gter-bdag-gling-pa (SANGPO, Biographical Dictionary, vol. 4, p. 325.3). 338 D. Martin notably during Mongol domination and the brief rule of Khang-chen-nas, when Rnying-ma-pas either opposed the political powers or felt themselves under some amount of persecution. Another reason why Rnying-ma-pas might take a greater interest in political developments is just that most of the renowned treasure hセᆳ discoverers (gter-ston) were prophesied, and many of these prophecies link the appearance of such-and-such a gter-ston with such-and-such a political development.24 It was apparently precisely these significant linkages of Rnying-ma religious history with general Tibetan political history that brought Gu-ru Bkra-shis to include something about politics in his monumental history. For contemporary students of Tibetan culture, this summary may serve a rather different purpose which I see as being essentially pedagogical. I have made footnotes with this goal in mind, in order to supply references that will allow students at different levels and with different interests to pursue those subjects that most concern them a little further. For those whose interests in Tibetan studies, like my own, are not specifically in the political field, I believe that Gu-ru Bkra-shis' summary can provide either a useful reminder of an aspect of Tibetan life that we might tend to overlook or, at the very least, a quick review of things we should already know. 24 Many examples may be found in DARGYAY, Rise of Esoteric. A Brief Political History of Tibet 339 Brief Political History of Tibet Of the two lines of Dharma Kings stemming from Yum-brten and 'Od-srung, that of Yum-brten is deemed illegitimate. 25 Nevertheless, the Yum-brten line seems to have performed many deeds on behalf of the Teachings. The son of 'Od. · . srung, Dpal-'khor-btsan (865-895), and his senior queen had a son named Skyi-lde Nyi-ma-mgon. The latter went to Mnga' -ris, and this was the origin of the royal lines of Mnga' -ris. They were of great service to the Teachings of Buddha. The son of the junior queen [half brother of Nyi-ma-mgon] was King Bkra-shis-brtsegs-padpal. Through him, descendents of the royal line came .to La-stod, Tibet, Kbams and Mdo-smad. Although every one of these acted on behalf of the Victor's Teachings, no ruler emerged with power over all Tibet. Later, the Venerable Great Sa-skya-pa was invited by the Mongols and, all of Tibet brought under their power, they offered it to the Lord of Beings, Dharma King 'Phags-pa Rin-po-che, who was in his twentieth year. In this way Tibet, being · · known as the "thirteen myriarchies" or as 'chol-kha gsum, 26 was made subject to i the Glorious Sa-skya. Religious functions were performed by the Lama while political functions were discharged by the Dpon-chen, .Tibet being governed in this manner about eighty years, from Earth Dragon (1268) to Earth Ox (1349). Because the Dpon-chen were either too soft or too harsh, the better part of Central Tibet (Dbus) was taken by Ta'i Si-tu Byang-chub-rgyal-mtshan27 in the Earth Ox (1349). Then, starting from the sixth year after that, the Earth Horse ( 1354 ), most of the area of Gtsang was also taken by Si-tu Byang-chub-rgyal-mtshan. For eighty-seven ·years, from the Earth -Ox (1349) to the Wood Hare (1435), most of the interior parts of Central Tibet and Gtsang were governed by the Phag-mo-gru-pa Heads (Sde-pa). Some parts (khol-bu) such as Byang28 and Rgya-mkhar-rtse 29 were gov- 25 RICHARDSON, "Who Was Yum-brtan?" and RICHARDSON, "Succession to Giang Darma". Please note that all the dates in parentheses have been added by myself, and may be subject to revision. 26 'Chol-kha gsZLm means the "three sources", Dbus and Gtsang in Central Tibet being the source of religion; Khams (Mdo-stod), the source of population; and A-mdo (Mdo-smad), the source of horses. ('Chol-kha, or chol-kJw , is a loanword from Mongolian; see TUCCI, Gyantse, part 1, p. 86 & 87 note 1.). For the "thirteen myriarchies", see WYLIE, Geography, p. 129; TuCCI, Gyantse, part 1, pp. 85-89; TUCCI, Tibetan Painted Scrolls, vol. 2, p. 681 (note 52) . These administrative divisions came into existence in 1268 (SZERB, "Glosses", p. 293). 27 On Byang-chub-rgyal-mtshan, see SHAKABPA, Tibet, pp. 74-82; WYLIE, Geography, p. 149, note 317. 28 Byang was the name of a myriarchy of La-stod in southwestern Gtsang province. 340 D. Martin erned by their own chiefs. In the Wood Hare year (1435), Rin-spungs nッイM「コ。ョセ@ seized Bsam-'grubrtse. Starting from· that time, the governing of Gtsang was mostly done by the Rinspungs-pa. The Head Rin-spungs-pa., Field Commander (Sgar-pa) Don-yod-rdorje,31 took the government of Dbus as welL One hundred and five years 32 after the Wood Hare (1435), in the Wood Ox (1565), the Gtsang ruler passed away, whereupon Tshe-brtan-rdo-rje with his son[s] captured Bsam-'grub-rtse and took control of most of Gtsang. In the forty-first year following this, a Wood Snake (1605), Karma-bstan-srungs took an army to 'Phan-yul. In the sixth year following, an Iron Dog (1610), Karma-phun-tshogs-mam-rgyal took over the government at Yar-rgyab. 33 In the Water Mouse (1612), he took all parts of Central Tibet and Gtsang, including Byang and Rgyal-m.kbar-rtse. 34 Following the Earth Horse (1618), after taking all of Dbus, he several times put the remaining armies which surrounded him into retreat, and took power over all Tibet. His son was Karmabstan-skyong-dbang-po.35 During the time of the latter there was a Mongol King in the north, known as '0-rod Sgo-bzhi'i Rgyal-po, or Bstan-'dzin-chos-kyi-rgyalpo, 36 who conquered all the Tibetan kingdom. He then offered it as a monastic estate (mchod-gzhis) to His Holiness, the Victorious Power, Emanation of Venerable Lotus in Hand (Spyan-ras-gzigs), the All Knowing Ngag-dbang-blo-bzang-rgyamtsho. Starting from the Water Horse (1642) year, the patron-priest relationship of 29 Rgyal-mkhar-rtse, equivalent to Rgyal-khang-rtse, according to WYLIE, Geography, p. 139, note 220. This is the name of the palace of Rgyal-rtse. It was during this time that Rab-brtan-kun-bza.ng'phags-pa (1389-1442) built the monastic compound of Dpal-'khor Chos-sde at Rgyal-rtse and the famous Sku-'bum temple (BATCHELOR, Tibet Guide, pp. 284-302; TUCCI, Lhasa, p. 41). His biography by Bo-dong Pai_l-chen Phyogs-las-rnam-rgyal has been published recently in India and the Peoples Republic of China. For the genealogy of his family, see DALAI LAMA V, History, pp. 219-222 (TUCCI, Tibetan Painted Scrolls , vol. 2, p. 640). For Giuseppe Tucci's detailed work on Rgyal-rtse, now available in an English translation, see TUCCI, Gyantse, parts 1-3. 3 For the genealogy of Rin-spungs-pa, see DAlAl LAMA V, History, pp. 197-203 (TUCCI, Tibetan ° Painted Scrolls, vol. 2, pp. 641-642). Note also VOSTRIKOV, Tibetan Historical, p. 86. 31 Don-yod-rdo-rje was one of five sons of Nor-bza.ng. See SHAKABPA, Tibet, p . 88. 32 This should read 130 years instead of 105. · 33 'Gos LO-TSTSHA-BA, Blue Annals, p. 824; SHAK.ABPA, Tibet , p. 86. For a brief history of the local ruling family of Yar-rgyab, see DALAl LAMA V, History, pp. 223-225 (TUCCI, Tibetan Painted Scrolls , vol. 2, p. 647). 34 SHAKABPA, Tibet, p. 98, says he succeeded his father , Karma-bstan-srung-dbang-po, who died in 1611. 35 Karma-bstan-skyong-dbang-po succeeded his father (on his death in 1621) at age 16 (SHAKABPA, Tibet, p. 102) . 36 Gu-shri Bstan-'dzin-chos-rgyal. The Mongolian title is O yirad Giiiisi Qa'an, and the Mongolian spelling for his name is [Guiisi] Danjan Coyijil. A Brief Political History of Tibet 341 ' Dga' -ldan Pho-brang began. All were governed according to Dharma. If you wish to know the history of these things in detail, you should read the Rgyal-rabs Rdzogsldan Dpyid-kyi Rgyal-mo'i Glu-dbyangs Gzhon-nu'i Dga'-ston. 37 Starting from Regent Bsod-nams-rab-brtan38 and Gu-shii Bstan-'dzin-chosrgyal, the form of rule was known as the patron-priest relationship, and they performed all the governing and royal functions. His Holiness the All Knowing Great Fifth promoted religious activities as in the days of 'Phags-pa, and all the Tibetan kingdom was governed in peace by uniting the sun and moon of religion and politics. After the ruling Regent passed away, the Regents Sa-skyong Phrin-las-rgyamtsho, Blo-bzang-sbyin-pa and Blo-bzang-mthu-stobs39 were [successively] appointed. The Regent Sangs-rgyas-rgya-mtsho was then appointed. He was both king and scholar, learned in the five branches of knowledge. He kept the Great Fifth's passing a secret for twelve years, and during this time he had a great impaCt, building the golden reliquary 'Dzam-gling-rgyan-gcig40 and Zhabs-brtan Temple, instituting the Tshogs-rnchod-chen-mo, 41 and placing the Sixth Dalai Lama on the throne. But then because of irreversible karmic consequences he was killed at · 1 Snang-rtse in Stod-lung by King Lha-bzang. 42 37 This is the famous 1643 history by the Great Fifth Dalai Lama, available in several editions, but never entirely translated into a European language, although the last half was translated in TUCCI, , Tibetan Painted Scrolls, vol. 2, pp. 625-651. A useful outline of the contents may be found in VOSTRIKOV, Tibetan Historical, pp. 79-80 (note 246), as well as in CL'IWA I, pp. 25-26 (no. 35). For one printing, see DAlAI l..AJviA V, History. 38 SHAKABPA, Tibet, p. 101, tells how Bsod-nams-rab-brtan was active in the recognition of the Fifth Dalai Lama. Evidently Gu-ru Bkra-shis confused his name with that of Bsod-nams-chos-'phel, the first Regent (1595-1658, reigned 1642-1658). See also ibid., p. 111 ff. 39 The order of Regents was, according to SHAKABPA, as follows: 1. Bsod-nams-chos-'phel (re. 1642-1658). 2. 'Phrin-las-rgyal-mtsho (re. 1660-1668). 3. Blo-bzang-rnthu-stobs (re. 1669-1675). 4. Blo-bzang-sbyin-pa ( re. 1675-1679). 5. Sangs-rgyas-rgya-rntsho (re. 1679-1703). 6. Ngag-dbang-rin-chen (re. 1703-1706). 7. Stag-rtse Zhabs-drung (re. 1717-1720). The biographies of the r・セョエウ@ are briefly told in PETECH, "Dalai-Larnas and Regents", pp.133- 147. 40 This tomb mchod-rten of the Great Fifth rises through several stories in the interior of the Potala Palace. Sde-srid Sangs-rgyas-rgya-mtsho composed a two-volume dkar-chag to this mchod-rten. 41 This was an annual religious observance started by the Regent as a memorial service for the passing of the Fifth Dalai Lama. 42 According to SHAKABPA (Tibet, p. 132), he was executed by troops of Lha-bzang (Lhazang) at Tohlung Nangtse ( =Stod-lung Snang-rtse) in 1705. Lha-bzang ruled from 1705 until1717 when he was killed battling with the Zunghars. 342 D. Martin After this Lha-bzang himself served as king for twelve years, but was then killed by the Zunghar (Jung-'gar). The basis for [the later] indiscriminate prohibition of all Rnying-ma teachings began with this king. For five years the Zunghars held power: During this time Stag-rtse-sde-pa was Regent. 43 Then the great Emperor of the east routed the Zunghars with an army and offered all secular power to the Dalai Lama Bskal-bzang-rgya-mtsho. Stag-rtse-pa and others were censured. 44 Then Regent Dha-ching Ba-thut.4 5 served as Regent, but because he harbored wicked intentions, he was killed by the Ministers. 46 As a result of this, there were battles between Dbus and Gtsang. The Gtsang forces emerged victorious and all political authority and functions we_re taken over by Midbang [Pho-lha-nas] Bsod-nams-stobs-rgyal. He governed for a long time (17281747). When the Mi-dbang passed away, hjs son Ching-warp. Ta-las Ba-thur47 ruled, but because of extremely cruel deeds such as killing the prince, his own elder brother,48 he was accused by the Emperor and died in a violent incident. Then the Dalai Lama was invested with both religious and secular power. After the All Knowing Victor passed beyond suffering, De-mo Rin-po-che was appointed his Representative (1757). 49 This Lord was said to be an emanation of Abbot Bodhisattva Hs。ョエゥイォセIN@ As he built new buildings and repaired the old buildings and images at Glorious Bsam-yas [Bsam-yas-mi-'gyur-lhun-gyis_.grub-pa'i-gtsug-lag- 43 This is the Regent Stag-rtse Zhabs-drung (re. 1717-1720), also known as Lha-rgyal-rab-brtan. SUM-PA MKHAN-PO, Annals, p. 88, note 192; SHAKABPA, Tibet, p. 137. 44 Or, rather, he was beheaded (SHAKABPA, Tibet, p. 140). 45 Dayicing Ba'atur. This is a title for Kbang-chen-nas. The use of the title Regent (Sde-srid) seems to be an anachronism since the position was abolished at this time. He pursued policies hostile to th e Rnying-ma sect, and Gu-ru Bkra-shis cannot therefore be expected to express much sympathy for him. For more Rnying-ma views on Kbang-chen-nas, see the 1782 biography of Gter-bdag-glingpa's daughter (KHYUNG-PO-RAS-PA, Rje-btsun Mi-'gyur-dpal-gyi-sgron-ma'i Rnam-thar, p. 98 ff; this is, by the way, a very frank and well told biography with much valuable information about political events in the early eighteenth century, and deserves to be more widely known). 46 Bka' -blon. For a discussion of this and other government titles, see PETECH, Aristocracy. For the murder of Kbang-chen-nas, see SHAKABPA, Tibet, p. 142. 47 I.e., Cin-wang Dalai Ba'atur, the part Chinese, part Mongolian title of 'Gyur-med-rnam-rgyal, younger son of Pho-lha-nas (SUM-PA MKHAN-PO,Annals, p. 95, note 252). 'Gyur-med-rnarn-rgyal only held power for three years. 48 SHAKABPA (Tibet, p. 148) only says that his brother, 'Gyur-med-[ye-shes-Jtshe-brtan, died under mysterious circumstances in 1750. PETECH (Aristocracy, p. 212) believes he was murdered. 49 "Representative" translates Rgyal-tsbab, as the Regents who served in the periods following the deaths of the different Dalai Lamas began to be called. This De-mo Rin-po-che was named Ngagdbang-'jam-dpal or Ngag-dbang- 'jam-dpal-bde-Iegs-rgya-mtsho (re. 1757-1777). He died in 1777. He is said to be the first Regent (Rgyal-tshab) who was also an incarnate Lama. See SHAKABPA, Bod-kyi Srid-don, vol. 1, p. 584. i I I- I A Brief Political History of Tibet 343 khang], he was esteemed to be without peer beneath the sun, and his political power increased, Tibet being happy and contented, free of wars, famines and the like. Wben this Lord passed into the Pure Land (1777), the Khri-chen No-monhan50 took over religious and political rule. During this time a war broke out between China and Nepal ( 1788), and all Tibetans high and low were placed under great oppression. The Khri-chen himself went to serve as mediator, but died in a -battle. 51 Later on, Rta-tshag Rje-drung Rin-po-che 52 came to be leader and Tibet enjoyed a festival of perfect contentment and happiness. He was prophesied in many rediscovered scriptures to be a reincarnation of the Great Translator Cogro Klu'i-rgyal-mtshan. Since he passed away (1810) until now, the rebirth of De-mo Rin-po-che, 53 the Bodhisattva Santiraksita once again coming to be Lord of Tibet, who is the present leader remains promoting all the good accomplishments that · shine in the noonday sun of happiness and contentment in the land of Tibet. This has been a history of Tibet's political leaders. While this sort of thing certainly does not serve any great purpose, I have related a few seeds for those who want to understand history. ·. I 50 Tshe-smon-gling Ngag-dbang-tshul-khrims (1721-1791, re. 1777-1781 and 1790-1791). He was for seven years "chairholder of Ganden" (Dga'-ldan Khri-pa), which would explain why Gu-ru Bkrashis calls him Khri-chen (see WYLIE, "Mortuary Customs", p. 230 note 5). He spent about four years in Peking between 1786 and 1790, after which he was briefly reinstated in his position as ·Regent (1790-1791). No-moo-han is' a Tibetan borrowing from Mongolian Nom-'un Qan. 51 SHAKABPA (Tibet, p. 163) says he died of a sudden heart attack in the Potala. 52 Rta-tshag Rje-drung y・Mウィセ「ャッコ。ョァエZp G ゥMュァッョー@ (re. 1789-1790 and 1791-1810), also called Kun-bde-gling (after one of the four monasteries near Lhasa from wlllch Regents were supposed to be chosen). He died in 1810. 53 This is De-mo Rin-po-che Blo-bzang-thub-bstan-'jigs-med-rgya-mtsho (re. 1811-1819), whose name may be shortened to 'Jigs-med-rgya-mtsho. Author of the biography of the Ninth Dalai Lama, he died of smallpox in 1819 at Bstan-rgyas-gling Monastery. The Ninth Dalai Lama was officially on the tluone from 1808 until his death in 1815. 344 D. Martin Tibetan Text in Transliteration The following text is given as found in Version A with an appendix supplying variants found in Version B. I have used the Wylie system, without adding capital letters or hyphens. The appended textual notes are based on the principle of substitution; simply substitute the material given before the colon with the material following the colon in the given page and line of the text of version A in order to know the reading of version B. (Abbreviations are noted only on their first occurrence.] version B: val. IV, :pp. 367.6-373.1. Version A: vol. V, pp. QVNセRSL@ [116.6] bod yul dbus kyi phyogs su rgyal po ji ltar byung ba'i tshul yang I chos rgyal gyi gdung brgyud yum brten 'od srung gnyis las I yum brten (117.1] brgyud rna dag par bzhed mod I 'on kyang bstan pa la bya ba byed pa'ang mang du byungbar snang ba las I 'od srung gi sras dpal [.2) 'khor btsan dang I de'i btsun mo chen mo'i sras la skyi lde nyi rna mgon 'dis mnga' rir byon pas stod mnga' ris rgyal brgyud rnams byung ste sangs rgyas kyi bstan (.3] pa la srid zhu che I chun ma'i sras khri bkra shis brtsegs pa dpal nas I la stod dang bod khams mdo smad rry.ams su gdung brgyud byon pa rnams kyang rgyal ba'i [.4] bstan la bya ba byed pa sha stag byon · mod I 'on kyang bod spyi la dbang bsgyur ba'i rgyal po ni rna byung ste I de nas rje btsun sa skya pa chen po hor gyis gdan drangs [.5] bod thams cad hor 'og iu yod pa 'gro ba'i mgon po chos kyi rgyal po 'phags pa rin po che dgung lo nyi shu pa la phul ba nas bod 'khris skor bcu gsum mam I 'chol [.6] kha gsum du grags pa dpal ldan sa skya'i mnga' 'bangs su gyur nas I bla mas chos kyi bya ba dang I dpon chen rnams kyis srid kyi bya ba mdzad nas lo brgyad cu tsam (118.1] du sa pho 'brug nas sa glang bar bskyangs kyang I dpon chen rnams 'jam thai rtsub thal gyis sa mo glang la dbus phyogs phal cher ta'i si tu byang chub rgyal mtshan pas bzung I [.2] de nas lo drug pa shing pho rta'i lo nas gtsang gi sa cha phal che ba yang si tu byang chub rgyal mtshan gyis bzung nas I sa glang nas lo brgyad cu gya bdun pa shing yos kyi bar dbus [.3] gtsang gi mthil phal che ba sde pa phag mo grub pas bskyangs I byang dang rgya mkhar rtse sags khol bu rang rang gi dpon gyis bskyangs I shing yos lo la rin spungs nor [.4] bzang gis bsam 'grub rtse bzung ste I de nas brtsarns gtsang gzhung _phal che ba rin spungs pas bskyangs I sde pa rin spungs pa sgar pa don yod rdo rjes dbus [.5] gzhung yang bzung I shing yos nas brgya dang lnga pa shing mo glang nas gtsang pa zhing gshegs tshe brtan rdo rje yab sras kyis bsam 'grub rtse bzung nas [.6] gtsang gzhung phal che ba dbang mdzad I de nas zhe gcig pa. shing sbrul karma bstan srungs pas 'phan yul du dmag btegs I de nas lo drug pa lcags khyi [119.1] la karma phun tshogs rnam rgyaJ gyis yar rgyab gzhung bzung I chu pho byi ba'i lo nas byang dang rgyal mkhar rtse sags 1 A Brief Political History of Tibet 345 I dbus gtsang gi sa'i cha [.2] thams cad phyag tu bzhes I sa rta'i lo nas dbus thams . cad phyag tu bzhes nas mtha' dmag lhags pa rnams Ian mang du zlog ste bod thams cad la dbang mdzad I [.3] de'i sras karma bstan skyong dbang po ste I 'di dus na byang phyogs sog po'i rgyal po o rong sgo bzhi'i rgyal po'am I mtshan gzhan bstan 'dzin chos kyi rgyal [.4] pos bod khams thams cad phyag tu bzhes I rje btsun phyag na padmo'i rriam 'phrul rgyal dbang thams cad mkhyen pa ngag c1bang blo bzang rgya mtsho la mchod gzhis su [.5] phul te I dga' ldan pho brang mchod yon gyi chu pho rta lo nas bzung ste thams cad chos bzhin du bskyangs te 'di nyid kyi lo rgyus zhib par shes 'dod na rgyal rabs [.6] rdzogs ldan dpyid kyi rgyal mo'i glu dbyangs gzhon nu'i dga' ston las shes par bya'o I sde srid bsod nams rab brtan dang .I gu shrt bstan 'dzin chos [120.1] rgyal nas bzung rgyal po mchod yon du grags te srid skyong dang rgyal thabs kyi bya ba mdzad I gong sp. thams cad mkhyen pa lnga pa rin po ches 'phags pa rin po che'i [.2] dus ltar chos kyi phrin las bskyangs te chos srid nyi zla zung 'brel gyis bod khams thams cad bde bar bskyangs I rgyal po sde srid 'das nas slar yang sde srid sa [.3) skyong phrin las rgya mtsho dang I blo bzang sbyin pa I blo bzang mthu stobs rnams bskos I de nas sde srid sangs rgyas rgya mtsho bskos te I sde srid 'di [.4] rgyal po pal)<;ii ta shes bya rig pa'i gnas lnga la mkhas I lnga pa rin po che gshegs nas lo bcu gnyis bar du gsang rgya mdzad nas gser gdung 'dzam gling rgyan [.5) gcig II zhabs brtan lha khang dang bcas bzhengs pa dang tshogs mchod chen mo 'dzugs pa dang I rgyal ba drug pa khrir 'don pa sogs phyag rjes che I 'on [.6] kyang zlog med kyi las kyis rgyal po lha bzang gis stod lung snang rtser bkrong I de nas rgyal po lha bzang rang gis lo bcu gnyis su rgyal po mdzad kyang jun 'gar [121.1) gyis bkrongs I mying bstan thams cad dmigs med du rgyas 'debs pa'i イエウセ@ ba'ang rgyal po 'di las byung I lo lnga jun 'gar gyi [.2] dbang by as I de .skabs sde srid stag rtse sde pas mdzad I de nas shar phyogs gong rna eben pos dpung gis jun 'gar bskrad nas chab srid thams cad rgyal [.3] ba bskal bzang rgya mtshor phul I stag rtse pa sogs la bka' skyon byung I sde srid dha ching ba thur gyis sde srid mdzad kyang khongs bsam pa ngan pas [.4] bka' blon mams kyis bkrongs I de'i rkyen gyis gtsang dbus 'khrugs pas gtsang dpung g.yul las rgyal nas I mi dbang bsod nams stobs rgyal [.5) gyis chab srid mnga' thang thams cad phyag tu bzhes I rgyal srid yun ring mdzad I mi dbang sku gshegs nas sras ching warp ta las sa thur gyis rgyal srid [.6] mdzad kyang I kho rang gi gcen gung sku zhabs bkrongs pa sogs ' ha cang sku spyod rtsing thai gyis gong rna chen pos .bka' bskyon byung ste rkyen lam du gshegs I [122.1] chos srid gnyis char rgyal ba'i phyag tu bkal I rgyal ba thams cad mkhyen pa mya ngan las 'das nas rgyal tshab de mo rin po che bskos I rje 'di mkhan po [.2] bo dhi sa twa'i sprul par grags I dpal bsam yas mi 'gyur lhun gyis grub pa'i gtsug lag rten brten par zhig gsos gsar bzhengs Ita bu khri gdugs 'og [.3] na 'gran zla dang bral bar bskrun par mdzad cing chabs srid mnga' thang rgyas pa dang I dmag 'khrugs mu ge sogs med par bde skyid dang Idan - ! !_ I ! I I· I I. • - - セ@ .,. 346 1 ·I D. Martin par gyur cing I [.4] rje 'di dag pa'i zhing rlu gshegs nas chos srid gnyis chags khri eben no mi han gyis phyag bzhes mdzad I 'di dus rgya dang bal po 'khrugs pas bod yul stod [.5] smad thams cad du sdab gsig che bar byung zhing khri chen nyid kyang chings la phebs pas dpung thog tu gshegs I de rjes rta tshag rje drung rin po che bod kyi [.6] srid skyong du phebs nas bde skyid rdzogs ldan gyi dga' ston la spyod pa byung ste I lo chen cog ro klu'i rgyal mtshan gyi skye bar gter lung mang po nas lung bstan I [123.1] de nyid gshegs nas deng sang byang chub sems dpa' zhi ba 'tsho nyid slar yang bod rjer phebs pa de rno rin po che'i yang srid kyis [.2) bod yul bde skyid kyi nyi rna dgung du 'char ba'i legs tshogs gong 'phel du bzhugs pa 'di lags so I de ltar bod yul srid skyong gi lo rgyus 'di dag [.3] dgos,ched chen rno rni 'dug kyang lo rgyus shes 'dod dag la sa bon tsam zhig gleng bar byas pa yin no I 117.2 117.3 117.4 117.5 117.6 118.1 118.4 118.5 119.2 119.4 119.5 119.6 120.1 120.2 120.3 120.4 120.6 121.4 121.5 121.6 122.2 122.5 123.1 123.3 Variants from version B: rnnga' rir : rnnga' ris I sangs rgyas : sang[ s rg]yas II bkra shis : bkr[ a sh ]is I rnams su : rnam[ s ]u II rgyal po : rgyal[ p ]o I chen po : chen[ p ]o II tharns cad : tham[ ca)d I rngon po : mgon[ p]o I 'khris skor : khri-skor II dpalldan : dpal[ l]dan I sa skya'i : sa skya pa'i I 'bangs su : 'bang[s ]su I bla mas : bla[ ]m[a] I dpon chen rnams kyis : dpon chen rnams kyi ll bzung : bzungs II rdo rjes : rdo[ rj)es II gshegs : gshegs I II lhags pa rnams : lhag pa rnarp I lan : len II gzhis su : gzhis[ s]u II pho brang : pho[ b]rang II gzhon nu'i : gzhon[ n]u'i I gu shri : gu shri II rin po ches: rin[ p]o[ ch}es II phrin las : phri[ n la ]s I slar yang : slar[ ya ]ng II phrin las rgya rntsho : phri[ n la ]s rgy[ a mtsh ]o II rgyan : brgyan II gnyis su : gnyis[ s]u II bsod nams : bsod[ na )rps II chab srid : chabs srid I sa thur : pa thur (?) 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