Difference between revisions of "Classical Tibetan"
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| − | Central Tibetan language | + | {{Wiki|Classical Tibetan}} refers to the [[language]] of any text written in [[Tibetan]] after the {{Wiki|Old Tibetan}} period and before the {{Wiki|modern}} period, but in particular refers to the [[language]] of early [[Wikipedia:canonical|canonical]] texts translated from other [[languages]], especially [[Sanskrit]]. The phonology implied by classical [[Tibetan]] {{Wiki|orthography}} is basically [[identical]] to the phonology of {{Wiki|Old Tibetan}}, but the {{Wiki|grammar}} varies greatly depending on period and geographic origin of the author. Such variation is an underresearched topic. |
| − | Khams Tibetan language | + | |
| − | Amdo Tibetan language | + | |
| + | In 816CE, during the reign of [[King]] [[Tride Songtsen]], {{Wiki|literary}} [[Tibetan]] underwent a thorough reform aimed at standardizing the [[language]] and vocabulary of the translations being made from [[Indian]] texts, and this resulted in what we now call {{Wiki|Classical Tibetan}}. | ||
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| + | {{Wiki|Old Tibetan}} refers to the period of [[Tibetan]] reflected in documents from the adoption of [[writing]] by the [[Tibetan]] [[Empire]] in the mid-7th century to works of the early 11th century. | ||
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| + | In 816CE, during the reign of [[King]] [[Tride Songtsen]], {{Wiki|literary}} [[Tibetan]] underwent a thorough reform aimed at standardizing the [[language]] and vocabulary of the translations being made from [[Indian]] texts, and this resulted in what we now call [[Classical Tibetan]]. | ||
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| + | {{Wiki|Old Tibetan}} is characterised by many features that are lost in {{Wiki|Classical Tibetan}}, [[including]] my- rather than m- before the {{Wiki|vowels}} -i- and -e-, the cluster sts- which simplifies to s- in {{Wiki|Classical Tibetan}}, and a reverse [[form]] of the "i" {{Wiki|vowel}} (gi-gu). | ||
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| + | Standard [[Tibetan]] is the most widely spoken [[form]] of the [[Tibetic languages]]. It is based on the {{Wiki|speech}} of [[Lhasa]], an [[Ü-Tsang]] (Central [[Tibetan]]) {{Wiki|dialect}}. For this [[reason]], Standard [[Tibetan]] is often called [[Lhasa]] [[Tibetan]]. [[Tibetan]] is an official [[language]] of the {{Wiki|Tibet Autonomous Region}} of the [[People's Republic of China]]. The written [[language]] is based on {{Wiki|Classical Tibetan}} and is highly conservative. | ||
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| + | Like many [[languages]], Standard [[Tibetan]] has a variety of [[language]] registers: | ||
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| + | Phal-skad ("demotic [[language]]"): the {{Wiki|vernacular}} {{Wiki|speech}}. | ||
| + | Zhe-sa ("{{Wiki|polite}} respectful {{Wiki|speech}}"): the formal spoken style, particularly prominent in [[Lhasa]]. | ||
| + | Chos-skad ("[[religious]] [[language]]"): the {{Wiki|literary}} style in which the [[scriptures]] and other classical works are written. | ||
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| + | Central [[Tibetan language]] | ||
| + | [[Khams]] [[Tibetan language]] | ||
| + | [[Amdo]] [[Tibetan language]] | ||
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</poem> | </poem> | ||
{{W}} | {{W}} | ||
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| + | [[Category:Tibetan language]] | ||
Latest revision as of 08:55, 30 November 2023
Classical Tibetan refers to the language of any text written in Tibetan after the Old Tibetan period and before the modern period, but in particular refers to the language of early canonical texts translated from other languages, especially Sanskrit. The phonology implied by classical Tibetan orthography is basically identical to the phonology of Old Tibetan, but the grammar varies greatly depending on period and geographic origin of the author. Such variation is an underresearched topic.
In 816CE, during the reign of King Tride Songtsen, literary Tibetan underwent a thorough reform aimed at standardizing the language and vocabulary of the translations being made from Indian texts, and this resulted in what we now call Classical Tibetan.
Old Tibetan refers to the period of Tibetan reflected in documents from the adoption of writing by the Tibetan Empire in the mid-7th century to works of the early 11th century.
In 816CE, during the reign of King Tride Songtsen, literary Tibetan underwent a thorough reform aimed at standardizing the language and vocabulary of the translations being made from Indian texts, and this resulted in what we now call Classical Tibetan.
Old Tibetan is characterised by many features that are lost in Classical Tibetan, including my- rather than m- before the vowels -i- and -e-, the cluster sts- which simplifies to s- in Classical Tibetan, and a reverse form of the "i" vowel (gi-gu).
Standard Tibetan is the most widely spoken form of the Tibetic languages. It is based on the speech of Lhasa, an Ü-Tsang (Central Tibetan) dialect. For this reason, Standard Tibetan is often called Lhasa Tibetan. Tibetan is an official language of the Tibet Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China. The written language is based on Classical Tibetan and is highly conservative.
Like many languages, Standard Tibetan has a variety of language registers:
Phal-skad ("demotic language"): the vernacular speech.
Zhe-sa ("polite respectful speech"): the formal spoken style, particularly prominent in Lhasa.
Chos-skad ("religious language"): the literary style in which the scriptures and other classical works are written.
Central Tibetan language
Khams Tibetan language
Amdo Tibetan language
