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Difference between revisions of "Lineage (Buddhism)"

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A [[lineage]] in [[Buddhism]] is a [[line of transmission]] of the [[Buddhist teaching]] that is "theoretically traced back to the [[Buddha]] himself." The acknowledgement of the [[transmission]] can be oral, or certified in documents.
  
 +
Several branches of [[Buddhism]], including [[Zen]] and [[Tibetan Buddhism]] maintain records of their historical [[teachers]]. These records serve as a validation for the living exponents of the [[tradition]].
  
−
<poem>
+
The historical authenticity of [[Buddhist lineage]] is questionable. [[Stephen Batchelor]] has claimed, {{Wiki|speaking}} about specifically [[Japanese Zen]] [[lineage]], "the historicity of this “[[lineage]]” simply does not withstand critical {{Wiki|scrutiny}}."
−
A [[lineage]] in [[Buddhism]] is a [[line of transmission]] of the [[Buddhist teaching]] that is "theoretically traced back to the [[Buddha]] himself." The acknowledgement of the [[transmission]] can be oral, or certified in documents. Several branches of [[Buddhism]], including [[Zen]] and [[Tibetan Buddhism]] maintain records of their historical [[teachers]]. These records serve as a validation for the living exponents of the [[tradition]].
 
  
−
The historical authenticity of [[Buddhist lineage]] is questionable. [[Stephen Batchelor]] has claimed, {{Wiki|speaking}} about specifically [[Japanese Zen]] [[lineage]], "the historicity of this “[[lineage]]” simply does not withstand critical {{Wiki|scrutiny}}." Erik Storlie has noted that [[transmission]] "is simply false on historical grounds." [[Edward Conze]] said "much of the [[traditions]] about the early history of [[Ch’an]] are the inventions of a later age."
+
Erik Storlie has noted that [[transmission]] "is simply false on historical grounds." [[Edward Conze]] said "much of the [[traditions]] about the early history of [[Ch’an]] are the inventions of a later age."
  
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[[Vinaya]]
 
  
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In the [[lineage]] of the [[vinaya]], the requirements for [[ordination]] as a [[monk]] or a [[nun]] include the presence of at least five other [[monks]], one of whom must be a [[fully ordained]] [[preceptor]], and another an [[acharya]] ([[teacher]]). This [[lineage]] for ordaining [[nuns]] became [[extinct]] in many [[Buddhist]] countries. When [[Ani]] [[Tenzin Palmo]] wanted full [[ordination]] for example, she had to travel to [[Hong Kong]] to receive it.
+
 
−
[[Mahasiddha]]
+
==[[Vinaya]]==
 +
 
 +
In the [[lineage]] of the [[vinaya]], the requirements for [[ordination]] as a [[monk]] or a [[nun]] include the presence of at least five other [[monks]], one of whom must be a [[fully ordained]] [[preceptor]], and another an [[acharya]] ([[teacher]]).  
 +
 
 +
This [[lineage]] for ordaining [[nuns]] became [[extinct]] in many [[Buddhist]] countries.  
 +
 
 +
When [[Ani]] [[Tenzin Palmo]] wanted full [[ordination]] for example, she had to travel to [[Hong Kong]] to receive it.
 +
 
 +
==[[Mahasiddha]]==
 +
 
  
 
[[Lineages]] in the [[Mahasiddha]] [[tradition]] do not necessarily originate from the historical [[Gautama Buddha]], but are ultimately grounded, like all [[Buddhist]] [[lineages]], in the [[primordial]] [[Dharmakaya Buddha]].
 
[[Lineages]] in the [[Mahasiddha]] [[tradition]] do not necessarily originate from the historical [[Gautama Buddha]], but are ultimately grounded, like all [[Buddhist]] [[lineages]], in the [[primordial]] [[Dharmakaya Buddha]].
  
  
−
[[Chán]] and [[Zen]] [[lineages]]
+
==[[Chán]] and [[Zen]] [[lineages]]==
 +
: ''Main articles: [[Zen lineage charts]] and [[Dharma transmission]]''
 +
===Construction of [[lineages]]===
 +
 
 +
The [[idea]] of a [[patriarchal]] [[lineage]] in [[Ch'an]] dates back to the epitaph for [[Fărú]] ([[法如]] 638–689), a [[disciple]] of the 5th [[patriarch]] [[Hóngrĕn]] ([[弘忍]] 601–674).
 +
 
 +
In the Two Entrances and Four Acts and the Continued {{Wiki|Biographies}} of {{Wiki|Eminent}} [[Monks]], [[Daoyu]] and [[Huike]] are the only explicitly identified [[disciples]] of [[Bodhidharma]].
  
 +
The epitaph gives a line of descent identifying [[Bodhidharma]] as the [[first patriarch]].
  
 +
In the 6th century {{Wiki|biographies}} of famous [[monks]] were collected. From this genre the typical [[Ch'an-lineage]] was developed:
  
−
Construction of [[lineages]]
 
  
−
The [[idea]] of a [[patriarchal]] [[lineage]] in [[Ch'an]] dates back to the epitaph for Fărú (法如 638–689), a [[disciple]] of the 5th [[patriarch]] Hóngrĕn ([[弘忍]] 601–674). In the Two Entrances and Four Acts and the Continued {{Wiki|Biographies}} of {{Wiki|Eminent}} [[Monks]], [[Daoyu]] and [[Huike]] are the only explicitly identified [[disciples]] of [[Bodhidharma]]. The epitaph gives a line of descent identifying [[Bodhidharma]] as the [[first patriarch]].
+
:    These famous {{Wiki|biographies}} were [[non-sectarian]]. The [[Ch'an]] biographical works, however, aimed to establish [[Ch'an]] as a legitimate school of [[Buddhism]] traceable to its [[Indian origins]], and at the same time championed a particular [[form]] of [[Ch'an]].  
  
−
In the 6th century {{Wiki|biographies}} of famous [[monks]] were collected. From this genre the typical Ch'an-lineage was developed:
+
Historical accuracy was of little [[concern]] to the compilers; old {{Wiki|legends}} were repeated, new stories were invented and reiterated until they too became {{Wiki|legends}}.
  
−
    These famous {{Wiki|biographies}} were [[non-sectarian]]. The [[Ch'an]] biographical works, however, aimed to establish [[Ch'an]] as a legitimate school of [[Buddhism]] traceable to its [[Indian origins]], and at the same time championed a particular [[form]] of [[Ch'an]]. Historical accuracy was of little [[concern]] to the compilers; old {{Wiki|legends}} were repeated, new stories were invented and reiterated until they too became {{Wiki|legends}}.
 
  
 
{{Wiki|D.T. Suzuki}} contends that [[Ch'an's]] growth in [[popularity]] during the 7th and 8th centuries attracted [[criticism]] that it had "no authorized records of its [[direct transmission]] from the [[founder of Buddhism]]" and that [[Ch'an]] {{Wiki|historians}} made [[Bodhidharma]] the [[28th patriarch]] of [[Buddhism]] in response to such attacks.
 
{{Wiki|D.T. Suzuki}} contends that [[Ch'an's]] growth in [[popularity]] during the 7th and 8th centuries attracted [[criticism]] that it had "no authorized records of its [[direct transmission]] from the [[founder of Buddhism]]" and that [[Ch'an]] {{Wiki|historians}} made [[Bodhidharma]] the [[28th patriarch]] of [[Buddhism]] in response to such attacks.
−
Six [[patriarchs]]
+
 
 +
===Six [[patriarchs]]===
 +
 
  
 
The earliest [[lineages]] described the [[lineage]] from [[Bodhidharma]] to [[Huineng]]. There is no generally accepted 7th {{Wiki|Chinese}} [[Patriarch]].
 
The earliest [[lineages]] described the [[lineage]] from [[Bodhidharma]] to [[Huineng]]. There is no generally accepted 7th {{Wiki|Chinese}} [[Patriarch]].
 +
  
 
The [[principle]] [[teachers]] of the [[Chan]] and [[Zen traditions]] are commonly known in English translations as [[Patriarchs]], however the more precise {{Wiki|terminology}} would be "{{Wiki|Ancestors}}" or "Founders" ([[祖]], zu3) and "Ancestral [[Masters]]" or "Founding [[Masters]]" ([[祖師]], zu3shi1) as the commonly used {{Wiki|Chinese}} terms are [[gender]] [[neutral]]. Various records of different authors are known, which give a variation of [[transmission]] lines:
 
The [[principle]] [[teachers]] of the [[Chan]] and [[Zen traditions]] are commonly known in English translations as [[Patriarchs]], however the more precise {{Wiki|terminology}} would be "{{Wiki|Ancestors}}" or "Founders" ([[祖]], zu3) and "Ancestral [[Masters]]" or "Founding [[Masters]]" ([[祖師]], zu3shi1) as the commonly used {{Wiki|Chinese}} terms are [[gender]] [[neutral]]. Various records of different authors are known, which give a variation of [[transmission]] lines:
  
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" style="font-size:100%;text-align:center;"
 +
|
 +
| ''The Continued {{Wiki|Biographies}}<br> of {{Wiki|Eminent}} [[Monks]]''<br>[[Xù gāosēng zhuàn]] [[續高僧傳]]<br>of [[Dàoxuān]] [[道宣]]<br>(596-667)
 +
| ''The Record of the [[Transmission]]<br> of the [[Dharma-Jewel]]''<br>[[Chuán fǎbǎo jì]] [[傳法寶記]]<br>of Dù Fěi 杜胐
 +
| ''History of [[Masters]] and [[Disciples]] of the [[Laṅkāvatāra-Sūtra]]''<br>[[Léngqié shīzī jì]] [[楞伽師資紀記]]<br>of Jìngjué [[淨覺]]<br>(ca. 683 - ca. 650)
 +
| ''The Xiǎnzōngjì 显宗记<br>of Shénhuì 神会''
 +
|-
 +
| 1 || [[Bodhidharma]] || [[Bodhidharma]] || [[Bodhidharma]] || [[Bodhidharma]]
 +
|-
 +
| rowspan=2  | 2 || rowspan=2  | [[Dazu Huike|Huìkě]] [[慧可]] (487? - 593)
 +
| [[Dàoyù]] [[道育]] || [[Dàoyù]] [[道育]] || [[Dàoyù]] [[道育]]
 +
|-
 +
| [[Dazu Huike|Huìkě]] [[慧可]] (487? - 593) || [[Dazu Huike|Huìkě]] [[慧可]] (487? - 593) || [[Dazu Huike|Huìkě]] [[慧可]] (487? - 593)
 +
|-
 +
| 3 || [[Sengcan|Sēngcàn]] [[僧璨]] (d.606) || [[Sengcan|Sēngcàn]] [[僧璨]] (d.606) || [[Sengcan|Sēngcàn]] [[僧璨]] (d.606) || [[Sengcan|Sēngcàn]] [[僧璨]] (d.606)
 +
|-
 +
| 4 || [[Dayi Daoxin|Dàoxìn]] [[道信]] (580 - 651) || [[Dayi Daoxin|Dàoxìn]] [[道信]] (580 - 651) || [[Dayi Daoxin|Dàoxìn]] [[道信]] (580 - 651) || [[Dayi Daoxin|Dàoxìn]] [[道信]] (580 - 651)
 +
|-
 +
| 5 || [[Daman Hongren|Hóngrěn]] [[弘忍]] (601 - 674) || [[Daman Hongren|Hóngrěn]] [[弘忍]] (601 - 674) || [[Daman Hongren|Hóngrěn]] [[弘忍]] (601 - 674) || [[Daman Hongren|Hóngrěn]] [[弘忍]] (601 - 674)
 +
|-
 +
| rowspan=2  | 6 || rowspan=2  | -
 +
| [[Fǎrú]] [[法如]] (638-689) || [[Yuquan Shenxiu]] [[神秀]] (606? - 706) || rowspan=2 | [[Huineng|Huìnéng]] [[慧能]] (638-713)
 +
|-
 +
| [[Yuquan Shenxiu]] [[神秀]] (606? - 706) [[神秀]] || [[Xuánzé]] [[玄賾]]
 +
|-
 +
| 7 || - || - || - || [[Xuánjué]] 玄覺 (665-713)
 +
|}
 +
 +
 +
 +
===Continuous [[lineage]] from [[Shakyamuni Buddha]]===
 +
 +
 +
Eventually these descriptions of the [[lineage]] evolved into a continuous [[lineage]] from [[Śākyamuni Buddha]] to [[Bodhidharma]].
  
−
The Continued {{Wiki|Biographies}}
+
The [[idea]] of a line of descent from [[Śākyamuni Buddha]] is the basis for the {{Wiki|distinctive}} [[lineage tradition]] of the [[Chán school]].
  
  
−
of {{Wiki|Eminent}} [[Monks]]
+
According to the [[Song of Enlightenment]] ([[證道歌]] [[Zhèngdào gē]]) by [[Yǒngjiā Xuánjué]] (665-713),[10] one of the chief [[disciples]] of [[Huìnéng]], [[Bodhidharma]] was the [[28th Patriarch]] of [[Buddhism]] in a line of descent from [[Śākyamuni Buddha]] via his [[disciple]] [[Mahākāśyapa]]:
−
[[Xù gāosēng zhuàn]] [[續高僧傳]]
 
−
of [[Dàoxuān]] [[道宣]]
 
−
(596-667) The Record of the [[Transmission]]
 
−
of the [[Dharma-Jewel]]
 
−
Chuán fǎbǎo jì 傳法寶記
 
−
of Dù Fěi 杜胐 History of [[Masters]] and [[Disciples]] of the Laṅkāvatāra-Sūtra
 
−
[[Léngqié shīzī jì]] 楞伽師資紀記
 
−
of Jìngjué [[淨覺]]
 
−
(ca. 683 - ca. 650) The Xiǎnzōngjì 显宗记
 
−
of Shénhuì 神会
 
  
  
−
1 [[Bodhidharma]] [[Bodhidharma]] [[Bodhidharma]] [[Bodhidharma]]
 
−
2 [[Huìkě]] [[慧可]] (487? - 593) [[Dàoyù]] [[道育]] [[Dàoyù]] [[道育]] [[Dàoyù]] [[道育]]
 
−
[[Huìkě]] [[慧可]] (487? - 593) [[Huìkě]] [[慧可]] (487? - 593) [[Huìkě]] [[慧可]] (487? - 593)
 
  
−
3 Sēngcàn [[僧璨]] (d.606) Sēngcàn [[僧璨]] (d.606) Sēngcàn [[僧璨]] (d.606) Sēngcàn [[僧璨]] (d.606)
+
:    [[Mahakashyapa]] was the first, leading the [[line of transmission]];
−
4 Dàoxìn [[道信]] (580 - 651) Dàoxìn [[道信]] (580 - 651) Dàoxìn [[道信]] (580 - 651) Dàoxìn [[道信]] (580 - 651)
 
−
5 [[Hóngrěn]] [[弘忍]] (601 - 674) [[Hóngrěn]] [[弘忍]] (601 - 674) [[Hóngrěn]] [[弘忍]] (601 - 674) [[Hóngrěn]] [[弘忍]] (601 - 674)
 
−
6 - Fǎrú 法如 (638-689) [[Yuquan Shenxiu]] [[神秀]] (606? - 706) [[Huìnéng]] [[慧能]] (638-713)
 
−
[[Yuquan Shenxiu]] [[神秀]] (606? - 706) [[神秀]] Xuánzé [[玄賾]]
 
−
7 - - - Xuánjué 玄覺 (665-713)
 
  
 +
:    Twenty-eight Fathers followed him in the [[West]];
 +
:    The [[Lamp]] was then brought over the sea to this country;
 +
:    And [[Bodhidharma]] became the First Father here
 +
:    His mantle, as we all know, passed over six Fathers,
 +
:    And by them many [[minds]] came to see the Light.[11]
  
 +
The [[Transmission]] of the Light gives 28 [[patriarchs]] in this [[transmission]],[12][13] and 53 overall:
  
−
Continuous [[lineage]] from [[Shakyamuni Buddha]]
+
{| class="wikitable sortable" border=0 cellpadding=1 cellspacing=1 style="border:1px solid black"
 +
|- style="background-color:#99ccff;"
 +
|
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| '''[[Sanskrit]]'''
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| '''{{Wiki|Chinese}}'''
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| '''[[Vietnamese]]'''
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| '''[[Japanese]]'''
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| '''[[Korean]]'''
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|- style="background-color:#F4F9FF;"
 +
|1||[[Mahākāśyapa]]||[[摩訶迦葉]] / [[Móhējiāyè]]||[[Ma-Ha-Ca-Diếp]]||[[Makakashyo]]||[[마하가섭]] / [[Mahagasŏp]]
 +
|- style="background-color:#F4F9FF;"
 +
|2||[[Ananda|Ānanda]]||[[阿難陀]] / [[Ānántuó]]||[[A-Nan-Đà]] / [[A-Nan]]||[[Anan]]||[[아난다]] / [[Ananda]]
 +
|- style="background-color:#F4F9FF;"
 +
|3||[[Shanavasa|Śānavāsa]]||[[商那和修]] / [[Shāngnàhéxiū]]||[[Thương-Na-Hòa-Tu]]||[[Shonawashu]]||[[상나화수]] / [[Sanahwasa]]
 +
|- style="background-color:#F4F9FF;"
 +
|4||[[Upagupta]]||[[優婆掬多]] / [[Yōupójúduō]]||[[Ưu-Ba-Cúc-Đa]]||[[Ubakikuta]]||[[우바국다]] / [[Ubagupta]]
 +
|- style="background-color:#F4F9FF;"
 +
|5||[[Dhrtaka]]||[[提多迦]] / [[Dīduōjiā]]||[[Đề-Đa-Ca]]||[[Daitaka]]||[[제다가]] / [[Chedaga]]
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|- style="background-color:#F4F9FF;"
 +
|6||[[Miccaka]]||[[彌遮迦]] / [[Mízhējiā]]||[[Di-Dá-Ca]]||[[Mishaka]]||[[미차가]] / [[Michaga]]
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|- style="background-color:#F4F9FF;"
 +
|7||[[Vasumitra]]||[[婆須密]] / [[Póxūmì]]||[[Bà-Tu-Mật]]||[[Bashumitsu]]||[[바수밀다]] / [[Pasumilta]]
 +
|- style="background-color:#F4F9FF;"
 +
|8||[[Buddhanandi]]||[[浮陀難提]] / [[Fútuónándī]]||[[Phật-Đà-Nan-Đề]]||[[Buddanandai]]||[[불타난제]] / [[Pŭltananje]]
 +
|- style="background-color:#F4F9FF;"
 +
|9||[[Buddhamitra]]||[[浮陀密多]] / [[Fútuómìduō]]||[[Phục-Đà-Mật-Đa]]||[[Buddamitta]]||[[복태밀다]] / [[Puktaemilda]]
 +
|- style="background-color:#F4F9FF;"
 +
|10||[[Pārśva]]||[[婆栗濕婆]] / [[Pólìshīpó]]||[[Bà-Lật-Thấp-Bà]] / [[Hiếp-Tôn-Giả]]||[[Barishiba]]||[[협존자]] / [[Hyŏpjonje]]
 +
|- style="background-color:#F4F9FF;"
 +
|11||[[Punyayaśas]]||[[富那夜奢]] / [[Fùnàyèshē]]||[[Phú-Na-Dạ-Xa]]||[[Funayasha]]||[[부나야사]] / [[Punayasa]]
 +
|- style="background-color:#F4F9FF;"
 +
|12||[[Ānabodhi]] / [[Aśvaghoṣa]]||[[阿那菩提]] / [[Ānàpútí]]||[[A-Na-Bồ-Đề]] / [[Mã-Minh]]||[[Anabotei]]||[[마명]] / [[Mamyŏng]]
 +
|- style="background-color:#F4F9FF;"
 +
|13||[[Kapimala]]||[[迦毘摩羅]] / |[[Jiāpímóluó]]||[[Ca-Tỳ-Ma-La]]||[[Kabimara]]||[[가비마라]] / |[[Kabimara]]
 +
|- style="background-color:#F4F9FF;"
 +
|14||[[Nagarjuna|Nāgārjuna]]||[[龍樹]] / [[Lóngshù]]||[[Long-Thọ]]||[[Ryusho]]||[[용수]] / [[Yongsu]]
 +
|- style="background-color:#F4F9FF;"
 +
|15||[[Aryadeva|Āryadeva]]||[[迦那提婆]] / [[Jiānàtípó]]||[[Ca-Na-Đề-Bà]]||[[Kanadaiba]]||[[가나제바]] / [[Kanajeba]]
 +
|- style="background-color:#F4F9FF;"
 +
|16||[[Rāhulata]]||[[羅睺羅多]] / [[Luóhóuluóduō]]||[[La-Hầu-La-Đa]]||[[Ragorata]]||[[라후라다]] / [[Rahurada]]
 +
|- style="background-color:#F4F9FF;"
 +
|17||[[Sanghānandi]]||[[僧伽難提]] / [[Sēngqiénántí]]||[[Tăng-Già-Nan-Đề]]||[[Sōgyanandai]]||[[승가난제]] / [[Sŭngsananje]]
 +
|- style="background-color:#F4F9FF;"
 +
|18||[[Sanghayaśas]]||[[僧伽舍多]] / [[Sēngqiéshèduō]]||[[Tăng-Già-Da-Xá]]||[[Sogyayasha]]||[[가야사다]] / [[Kayasada]]
 +
|- style="background-color:#F4F9FF;"
 +
|19|| [[Kumārata]] || [[鳩摩羅多]] / [[Jiūmóluóduō]] || [[Cưu-Ma-La-Đa]] || [[Kumarada]] || [[구마라다]] / [[Kumarada]]
 +
|- style="background-color:#F4F9FF;"
 +
|20 || [[Śayata]] || [[闍夜多]] / [[Shéyèduō]] || [[Xà-Dạ-Đa]] || [[Jayana]] || [[사야다]] / [[Sayada]]
 +
|- style="background-color:#F4F9FF;"
 +
|21||[[Vasubandhu]]||[[世親]] / [[Shìqīn]] || [[Bà-Tu-Bàn-Đầu]] || [[Bashyubanzu]] || [[바수반두]] / [[Pasubandu]]
 +
|- style="background-color:#F4F9FF;"
 +
|22|| [[Manorhita]] || [[摩拏羅]] / [[Mónáluó]] || [[Ma-Noa-La]] || [[Manura]] || [[마나라]] / [[Manara]]
 +
|- style="background-color:#F4F9FF;"
 +
|23|| [[Haklenayaśas]] || [[鶴勒夜那夜者]] / [[Hèlèyènàyèzhě]] || [[Hạc-Lặc-Na]] || [[Kakurokuyasha]] || [[학륵나]] / [[Haklŭkna]]
 +
|- style="background-color:#F4F9FF;"
 +
|24|| [[Simhabodhi]] || [[師子菩提]] / [[Shīzǐpútí]] || [[Sư-Tử-Bồ-Đề]] / [[Sư-Tử-Trí]] || [[Shishibodai]] || [[사자]] / [[Saja]]
 +
|- style="background-color:#F4F9FF;"
 +
|25|| [[Vasiasita]] || [[婆舍斯多]] / [[Póshèsīduō]] || [[Bà-Xá-Tư-Đa]] || [[Bashashita]] || [[바사사다]] / [[Pasasada]]
 +
|- style="background-color:#F4F9FF;"
 +
|26|| [[Punyamitra]] || [[不如密多]] / [[Bùrúmìduō]] || [[Bất-Như-Mật-Đa]] || [[Funamitta]] || [[불여밀다]] / [[Punyŏmilta]]
 +
|- style="background-color:#F4F9FF;"
 +
|27||[[Prajnatara|Prajñātāra]]||[[般若多羅]] / [[Bānruòduōluó]] || [[Bát-Nhã-Đa-La]] || [[Hannyatara]] || [[반야다라]] / [[Panyadara]]
 +
|- style="background-color:#F4F9FF;"
 +
|28||[[Bodhidharma|Bodhi Dharma]]||[[達磨]] / [[Pútí Dámó]]||[[Bồ-Đề Đạt-Ma]]||[[だるま]] / [[Bodai Daruma]]||[[달마]] / [[Pori Dalma]]
 +
|}
  
  
−
Eventually these descriptions of the [[lineage]] evolved into a continuous [[lineage]] from [[Śākyamuni Buddha]] to [[Bodhidharma]]. The [[idea]] of a line of descent from [[Śākyamuni Buddha]] is the basis for the {{Wiki|distinctive}} [[lineage tradition]] of the [[Chán school]].
+
===[[Transmission]] to [[Japan]]===
  
  
−
According to the [[Song of Enlightenment]] ([[證道歌]] [[Zhèngdào gē]]) by Yǒngjiā Xuánjué (665-713),[10] one of the chief [[disciples]] of [[Huìnéng]], [[Bodhidharma]] was the [[28th Patriarch]] of [[Buddhism]] in a line of descent from [[Śākyamuni Buddha]] via his [[disciple]] [[Mahākāśyapa]]:
+
Twenty-four different Zen-lineages are recorded to be transmitted to [[Japan]]. Only three survived until today. [[Sōtō]] was transmitted to [[Japan]] by [[Dogen]], who travelled to [[China]] for [[Chan]] {{Wiki|training}} in the 13th century CE.
  
 +
After receiving [[Dharma transmission]] in the [[Caodong]] line he returned to [[Japan]] and established the [[Sōtō]] line.
  
−
    [[Mahakashyapa]] was the first, leading the [[line of transmission]];
+
The [[Linji]] line was also transmitted to [[Japan]] several times, where it became known as the [[Rinzai]] line.
  
−
    Twenty-eight Fathers followed him in the [[West]];
 
−
    The [[Lamp]] was then brought over the sea to this country;
 
−
    And [[Bodhidharma]] became the First Father here
 
−
    His mantle, as we all know, passed over six Fathers,
 
−
    And by them many [[minds]] came to see the Light.[11]
 
  
−
The [[Transmission]] of the Light gives 28 [[patriarchs]] in this [[transmission]],[12][13] and 53 overall:
+
==[[Jodo Shinshu]]==
−
[[Sanskrit]] {{Wiki|Chinese}} [[Vietnamese]] [[Japanese]] [[Korean]]
 
−
1 [[Mahākāśyapa]] [[摩訶迦葉]] / Móhējiāyè Ma-Ha-Ca-Diếp Makakashyo 마하가섭 / [[Mahagasŏp]]
 
−
2 [[Ānanda]] 阿難陀 / Ānántuó A-Nan-Đà / A-Nan [[Anan]] 아난다 / [[Ananda]]
 
−
3 Śānavāsa [[商那和修]] / Shāngnàhéxiū Thương-Na-Hòa-Tu [[Shonawashu]] 상나화수 / Sanahwasa
 
−
4 [[Upagupta]] 優婆掬多 / Yōupójúduō Ưu-Ba-Cúc-Đa Ubakikuta 우바국다 / Ubagupta
 
−
5 [[Dhrtaka]] 提多迦 / Dīduōjiā Đề-Đa-Ca Daitaka 제다가 / Chedaga
 
−
6 Miccaka 彌遮迦 / Mízhējiā Di-Dá-Ca [[Mishaka]] 미차가 / Michaga
 
−
7 [[Vasumitra]] 婆須密 / Póxūmì Bà-Tu-Mật Bashumitsu 바수밀다 / Pasumilta
 
−
8 [[Buddhanandi]] 浮陀難提 / Fútuónándī Phật-Đà-Nan-Đề [[Buddanandai]] 불타난제 / Pŭltananje
 
−
9 [[Buddhamitra]] 浮陀密多 / Fútuómìduō Phục-Đà-Mật-Đa [[Buddamitta]] 복태밀다 / Puktaemilda
 
−
10 {{Wiki|Pārśva}} 婆栗濕婆 / Pólìshīpó Bà-Lật-Thấp-Bà / Hiếp-Tôn-Giả Barishiba 협존자 / Hyŏpjonje
 
−
11 Punyayaśas 富那夜奢 / Fùnàyèshē Phú-Na-Dạ-Xa Funayasha 부나야사 / Punayasa
 
−
12 Ānabodhi / [[Aśvaghoṣa]] 阿那菩提 / Ānàpútí A-Na-Bồ-Đề / Mã-Minh Anabotei 마명 / Mamyŏng
 
−
13 [[Kapimala]] [[迦毘摩羅]] / Jiāpímóluó Ca-Tỳ-Ma-La [[Kabimara]] 가비마라 / [[Kabimara]]
 
−
14 [[Nāgārjuna]] [[龍樹]] / Lóngshù Long-Thọ Ryusho 용수 / Yongsu
 
−
15 [[Āryadeva]] [[迦那提婆]] / Jiānàtípó Ca-Na-Đề-Bà [[Kanadaiba]] 가나제바 / Kanajeba
 
−
16 Rāhulata 羅睺羅多 / Luóhóuluóduō La-Hầu-La-Đa Ragorata 라후라다 / Rahurada
 
−
17 Sanghānandi 僧伽難提 / Sēngqiénántí Tăng-Già-Nan-Đề Sōgyanandai 승가난제 / Sŭngsananje
 
−
18 Sanghayaśas 僧伽舍多 / Sēngqiéshèduō Tăng-Già-Da-Xá Sogyayasha 가야사다 / Kayasada
 
−
19 [[Kumārata]] 鳩摩羅多 / Jiūmóluóduō Cưu-Ma-La-Đa [[Kumarada]] 구마라다 / [[Kumarada]]
 
−
20 Śayata 闍夜多 / Shéyèduō Xà-Dạ-Đa Jayana 사야다 / Sayada
 
−
21 [[Vasubandhu]] [[世親]] / [[Shìqīn]] Bà-Tu-Bàn-Đầu Bashyubanzu 바수반두 / Pasubandu
 
−
22 [[Manorhita]] 摩拏羅 / Mónáluó Ma-Noa-La [[Manura]] 마나라 / Manara
 
−
23 Haklenayaśas 鶴勒夜那夜者 / Hèlèyènàyèzhě Hạc-Lặc-Na Kakurokuyasha 학륵나 / Haklŭkna
 
−
24 [[Simhabodhi]] 師子菩提 / Shīzǐpútí Sư-Tử-Bồ-Đề / Sư-Tử-Trí Shishibodai 사자 / Saja
 
−
25 [[Vasiasita]] 婆舍斯多 / Póshèsīduō Bà-Xá-Tư-Đa [[Bashashita]] 바사사다 / Pasasada
 
−
26 [[Punyamitra]] 不如密多 / Bùrúmìduō Bất-Như-Mật-Đa Funamitta 불여밀다 / Punyŏmilta
 
−
27 [[Prajñātāra]] 般若多羅 / Bānruòduōluó Bát-Nhã-Đa-La Hannyatara 반야다라 / Panyadara
 
−
28 [[Bodhi]] [[Dharma]] [[達磨]] / Pútí Dámó Bồ-Đề Đạt-Ma だるま / [[Bodai]] [[Daruma]] 달마 / Pori Dalma
 
−
[[Transmission]] to [[Japan]]
 
  
−
Twenty-four different Zen-lineages are recorded to be transmitted to [[Japan]]. Only three survived until today. [[Sōtō]] was transmitted to [[Japan]] by [[Dogen]], who travelled to [[China]] for [[Chan]] {{Wiki|training}} in the 13th century CE. After receiving [[Dharma transmission]] in the [[Caodong]] line he returned to [[Japan]] and established the [[Sōtō]] line. The [[Linji]] line was also transmitted to [[Japan]] several times, where it became known as the [[Rinzai]] line.
 
−
[[Jodo Shinshu]]
 
  
 
In [[Jodo Shinshu]] the term [[patriarch]] refers to seven [[Indian]], {{Wiki|Chinese}} and [[Japanese]] [[masters]] before its founder [[Shinran]].
 
In [[Jodo Shinshu]] the term [[patriarch]] refers to seven [[Indian]], {{Wiki|Chinese}} and [[Japanese]] [[masters]] before its founder [[Shinran]].
−
[[Tibetan Buddhism]]
+
 
−
[[Karma Kagyu]]
+
 
−
Possession of [[lineage]]
+
==[[Tibetan Buddhism]]==
 +
 
 +
===[[Karma Kagyu]]===
 +
====Possession of [[lineage]]====
  
 
Wallace[14] renders into English a citation of [[Chagmé]] ([[Wylie]]: [[karma-chags-med]], fl. 17th century) that contains an embedded quotation attributed to [[Nāropā]] (956-1041 CE):
 
Wallace[14] renders into English a citation of [[Chagmé]] ([[Wylie]]: [[karma-chags-med]], fl. 17th century) that contains an embedded quotation attributed to [[Nāropā]] (956-1041 CE):
  
−
    The crucial, primary qualification of a [[spiritual mentor]] is stated by [[Naropa]], "The qualification of a [[spiritual mentor]] is that [t]he[y][(s/he)] possesses the [[lineage]]."
+
:    The crucial, primary qualification of a [[spiritual mentor]] is stated by [[Naropa]], "The qualification of a [[spiritual mentor]] is that [t]he[y][(s/he)] possesses the [[lineage]]."
  
−
    The Single Meaning of the [[Vajra Speech]] [[[Wylie]]: rDo rje'i gsungs [[dgongs pa]] gcig pa] states, "There is great profundity in the connection within the [[lineage]] of the {{Wiki|holy}} [[Dharma]]." The real [[lineage]] of the [[realization]] of this [[Dharma]], which transfer [[blessings]],[a] is the unbroken rosary of [[Buddhas]]...".[16]
+
:    The [[Single Meaning of the Vajra Speech]] [[Wylie]]: [[rDo rje'i gsungs dgongs pa gcig pa]] states, "There is great profundity in the connection within the [[lineage]] of the {{Wiki|holy}} [[Dharma]]." The real [[lineage]] of the [[realization]] of this [[Dharma]], which transfer [[blessings]],[a] is the unbroken rosary of [[Buddhas]]...".[16]
  
−
Preservation of [[lineages]]
 
  
−
Gyatrul (b. 1924),[17] in a purport to [[Chagmé]] ([[Wylie]]: [[karma-chags-med]], fl. 17th century), conveys [[Khyentse's]] '[[samaya]]' ([[Sanskrit]]), [[diligence]] and [[humility]] in receiving 'wang' ([[Tibetan]]), lineal [[transmission]] and '[[rlung]]' ([[Wylie]]) as rendered into English by Wallace ([[Chagmé]] et al., 1998: p. 21):
+
====Preservation of [[lineages]]====
  
−
    With [[respect]] to [[oral transmission]], even if the [[lineage]] is impure, it is not a problem. [[Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche]] often sought out and received any [[oral transmission]] he [[thought]] was on the verge of disappearing. It made no difference who was giving it. He would receive it and, in turn, pass it on to make sure that the [[lineage]] remained unbroken.[18]
 
  
−
[[Chöd lineage]]
+
Gyatrul (b. 1924),[17] in a purport to [[Chagmé]] ([[Wylie]]: [[karma-chags-med]], fl. 17th century), conveys [[Khyentse's]] '[[samaya]]' ([[Sanskrit]]), [[diligence]] and [[humility]] in receiving '[[wang]]' ([[Tibetan]]), [[lineal transmission]] and '[[rlung]]' ([[Wylie]]) as rendered into English by Wallace ([[Chagmé]] et al., 1998: p. 21):
  
−
[[Chöd]] is an advanced [[spiritual practice]] known as "[[Cutting Through the Ego]]."[19] This practice, based on the [[Prajnaparamita sutra]], uses specific [[meditations]] and [[tantric ritual]].
 
  
−
There are several [[Wikipedia:Hagiography|hagiographic]] accounts of how [[chöd]] came to [[Tibet]].[20] One [[namthar]], or [[spiritual]] {{Wiki|biography}}, asserts that shortly after [[Kamalashila]] won his famous [[debate]] with [[Moheyan]] as to whether [[Tibet]] should adopt the "sudden" route to [[enlightenment]] or his [[own]] "[[gradual]]" route, [[Kamalashila]] enacted [[phowa]], transferring his [[mindstream]] to animate a corpse polluted with contagion in order to safely move the hazard it presented. As the [[mindstream]] of [[Kamalashila]] was otherwise engaged, a [[Mahasiddha]] by the [[name]] of [[Padampa Sangye]] came across the vacant [[kuten]] or "[[physical]] basis" of [[Kamalashila]]. [[Padampa Sangye]] was not [[karmically]] blessed with an {{Wiki|aesthetic}} corporeal [[form]], and upon finding the very handsome and healthy [[empty]] [[body]] of [[Kamalashila]], which he assumed to be a newly [[dead]] fresh corpse, used [[phowa]] to transfer his [[own]] [[mindstream]] into [[Kamalashila's]] [[body]]. [[Padampa Sangye's]] [[mindstream]] in [[Kamalashila's]] [[body]] continued the [[ascent]] to the [[Himalaya]] and thereby transmitted the Pacification of [[Suffering]] teachings and the [[Indian]] [[form]] of [[Chöd]] which contributed to the [[Mahamudra Chöd]] of [[Machig Labdrön]]. The [[mindstream]] of [[Kamalashila]] was unable to return to his [[own]] [[kuten]] and so was forced to enter the vacant [[body]] of [[Padampa Sangye]].  
+
:    With [[respect]] to [[oral transmission]], even if the [[lineage]] is impure, it is not a problem. [[Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche]] often sought out and received any [[oral transmission]] he [[thought]] was on the verge of disappearing. It made no difference who was giving it. He would receive it and, in turn, pass it on to make sure that the [[lineage]] remained unbroken.
−
</poem>
+
 
 +
 
 +
===[[Chöd lineage]]===
 +
 
 +
[[Chöd]] is an [[advanced spiritual practice]] known as "[[Cutting Through the Ego]]." This practice, based on the [[Prajnaparamita sutra]], uses specific [[meditations]] and [[tantric ritual]].
 +
 
 +
 
 +
There are several [[Wikipedia:Hagiography|hagiographic]] accounts of how [[chöd]] came to [[Tibet]]. One [[namthar]], or [[spiritual]] {{Wiki|biography}}, asserts that shortly after [[Kamalashila]] won his famous [[debate]] with [[Moheyan]] as to whether [[Tibet]] should adopt the "sudden" route to [[enlightenment]] or his [[own]] "[[gradual]]" route,  
 +
 
 +
[[Kamalashila]] enacted [[phowa]], transferring his [[mindstream]] to animate a corpse polluted with contagion in order to safely move the hazard it presented. As the [[mindstream]] of [[Kamalashila]] was otherwise engaged, a [[Mahasiddha]] by the [[name]] of [[Padampa Sangye]] came across the vacant [[kuten]] or "[[physical]] basis" of [[Kamalashila]].  
 +
 
 +
[[Padampa Sangye]] was not [[karmically]] blessed with an {{Wiki|aesthetic}} corporeal [[form]], and upon finding the very handsome and healthy [[empty]] [[body]] of [[Kamalashila]], which he assumed to be a newly [[dead]] fresh corpse, used [[phowa]] to transfer his [[own]] [[mindstream]] into [[Kamalashila's]] [[body]].  
 +
 
 +
[[Padampa Sangye's]] [[mindstream]] in [[Kamalashila's]] [[body]] continued the [[ascent]] to the [[Himalaya]] and thereby transmitted the Pacification of [[Suffering]] teachings and the [[Indian]] [[form]] of [[Chöd]] which contributed to the [[Mahamudra Chöd]] of [[Machig Labdrön]].  
 +
 
 +
The [[mindstream]] of [[Kamalashila]] was unable to return to his [[own]] [[kuten]] and so was forced to enter the vacant [[body]] of [[Padampa Sangye]].  
 +
 
 
{{W}}
 
{{W}}
 +
 +
 +
<headertabs/>
 +
== See also ==
 +
*[[Dharma transmission]]
 +
*{{Wiki|Gotra}}
 +
*[[Sangharaja]]
 +
*[[Wang (Tibetan Buddhism)]]
 +
*[[Zen lineage charts]]
 +
 
[[Category:Lineage]]
 
[[Category:Lineage]]

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A lineage in Buddhism is a line of transmission of the Buddhist teaching that is "theoretically traced back to the Buddha himself." The acknowledgement of the transmission can be oral, or certified in documents.

Several branches of Buddhism, including Zen and Tibetan Buddhism maintain records of their historical teachers. These records serve as a validation for the living exponents of the tradition.

The historical authenticity of Buddhist lineage is questionable. Stephen Batchelor has claimed, speaking about specifically Japanese Zen lineage, "the historicity of this “lineage” simply does not withstand critical scrutiny."

Erik Storlie has noted that transmission "is simply false on historical grounds." Edward Conze said "much of the traditions about the early history of Ch’an are the inventions of a later age."


Vinaya

In the lineage of the vinaya, the requirements for ordination as a monk or a nun include the presence of at least five other monks, one of whom must be a fully ordained preceptor, and another an acharya (teacher).

This lineage for ordaining nuns became extinct in many Buddhist countries.

When Ani Tenzin Palmo wanted full ordination for example, she had to travel to Hong Kong to receive it.

Mahasiddha

Lineages in the Mahasiddha tradition do not necessarily originate from the historical Gautama Buddha, but are ultimately grounded, like all Buddhist lineages, in the primordial Dharmakaya Buddha.


Chán and Zen lineages

Main articles: Zen lineage charts and Dharma transmission

Construction of lineages

The idea of a patriarchal lineage in Ch'an dates back to the epitaph for Fărú (法如 638–689), a disciple of the 5th patriarch Hóngrĕn (弘忍 601–674).

In the Two Entrances and Four Acts and the Continued Biographies of Eminent Monks, Daoyu and Huike are the only explicitly identified disciples of Bodhidharma.

The epitaph gives a line of descent identifying Bodhidharma as the first patriarch.

In the 6th century biographies of famous monks were collected. From this genre the typical Ch'an-lineage was developed:


These famous biographies were non-sectarian. The Ch'an biographical works, however, aimed to establish Ch'an as a legitimate school of Buddhism traceable to its Indian origins, and at the same time championed a particular form of Ch'an.

Historical accuracy was of little concern to the compilers; old legends were repeated, new stories were invented and reiterated until they too became legends.


D.T. Suzuki contends that Ch'an's growth in popularity during the 7th and 8th centuries attracted criticism that it had "no authorized records of its direct transmission from the founder of Buddhism" and that Ch'an historians made Bodhidharma the 28th patriarch of Buddhism in response to such attacks.

Six patriarchs

The earliest lineages described the lineage from Bodhidharma to Huineng. There is no generally accepted 7th Chinese Patriarch.


The principle teachers of the Chan and Zen traditions are commonly known in English translations as Patriarchs, however the more precise terminology would be "Ancestors" or "Founders" (祖, zu3) and "Ancestral Masters" or "Founding Masters" (祖師, zu3shi1) as the commonly used Chinese terms are gender neutral. Various records of different authors are known, which give a variation of transmission lines:

The Continued Biographies
of Eminent Monks
Xù gāosēng zhuàn 續高僧傳
of Dàoxuān 道宣
(596-667) 		The Record of the Transmission
of the Dharma-Jewel
Chuán fǎbǎo jì 傳法寶記
of Dù Fěi 杜胐 		History of Masters and Disciples of the Laṅkāvatāra-Sūtra
Léngqié shīzī jì 楞伽師資紀記
of Jìngjué 淨覺
(ca. 683 - ca. 650) 		The Xiǎnzōngjì 显宗记
of Shénhuì 神会
1 Bodhidharma Bodhidharma Bodhidharma Bodhidharma
2 Huìkě 慧可 (487? - 593) Dàoyù 道育 Dàoyù 道育 Dàoyù 道育
Huìkě 慧可 (487? - 593) Huìkě 慧可 (487? - 593) Huìkě 慧可 (487? - 593)
3 Sēngcàn 僧璨 (d.606) Sēngcàn 僧璨 (d.606) Sēngcàn 僧璨 (d.606) Sēngcàn 僧璨 (d.606)
4 Dàoxìn 道信 (580 - 651) Dàoxìn 道信 (580 - 651) Dàoxìn 道信 (580 - 651) Dàoxìn 道信 (580 - 651)
5 Hóngrěn 弘忍 (601 - 674) Hóngrěn 弘忍 (601 - 674) Hóngrěn 弘忍 (601 - 674) Hóngrěn 弘忍 (601 - 674)
6 - Fǎrú 法如 (638-689) Yuquan Shenxiu 神秀 (606? - 706) Huìnéng 慧能 (638-713)
Yuquan Shenxiu 神秀 (606? - 706) 神秀 Xuánzé 玄賾
7 - - - Xuánjué 玄覺 (665-713)


Continuous lineage from Shakyamuni Buddha

Eventually these descriptions of the lineage evolved into a continuous lineage from Śākyamuni Buddha to Bodhidharma.

The idea of a line of descent from Śākyamuni Buddha is the basis for the distinctive lineage tradition of the Chán school.


According to the Song of Enlightenment (證道歌 Zhèngdào gē) by Yǒngjiā Xuánjué (665-713),[10] one of the chief disciples of Huìnéng, Bodhidharma was the 28th Patriarch of Buddhism in a line of descent from Śākyamuni Buddha via his disciple Mahākāśyapa:


Mahakashyapa was the first, leading the line of transmission;
Twenty-eight Fathers followed him in the West;
The Lamp was then brought over the sea to this country;
And Bodhidharma became the First Father here
His mantle, as we all know, passed over six Fathers,
And by them many minds came to see the Light.[11]

The Transmission of the Light gives 28 patriarchs in this transmission,[12][13] and 53 overall:

Sanskrit Chinese Vietnamese Japanese Korean
1 Mahākāśyapa 摩訶迦葉 / Móhējiāyè Ma-Ha-Ca-Diếp Makakashyo 마하가섭 / Mahagasŏp
2 Ānanda 阿難陀 / Ānántuó A-Nan-Đà / A-Nan Anan 아난다 / Ananda
3 Śānavāsa 商那和修 / Shāngnàhéxiū Thương-Na-Hòa-Tu Shonawashu 상나화수 / Sanahwasa
4 Upagupta 優婆掬多 / Yōupójúduō Ưu-Ba-Cúc-Đa Ubakikuta 우바국다 / Ubagupta
5 Dhrtaka 提多迦 / Dīduōjiā Đề-Đa-Ca Daitaka 제다가 / Chedaga
6 Miccaka 彌遮迦 / Mízhējiā Di-Dá-Ca Mishaka 미차가 / Michaga
7 Vasumitra 婆須密 / Póxūmì Bà-Tu-Mật Bashumitsu 바수밀다 / Pasumilta
8 Buddhanandi 浮陀難提 / Fútuónándī Phật-Đà-Nan-Đề Buddanandai 불타난제 / Pŭltananje
9 Buddhamitra 浮陀密多 / Fútuómìduō Phục-Đà-Mật-Đa Buddamitta 복태밀다 / Puktaemilda
10 Pārśva 婆栗濕婆 / Pólìshīpó Bà-Lật-Thấp-Bà / Hiếp-Tôn-Giả Barishiba 협존자 / Hyŏpjonje
11 Punyayaśas 富那夜奢 / Fùnàyèshē Phú-Na-Dạ-Xa Funayasha 부나야사 / Punayasa
12 Ānabodhi / Aśvaghoṣa 阿那菩提 / Ānàpútí A-Na-Bồ-Đề / Mã-Minh Anabotei 마명 / Mamyŏng
13 Kapimala 迦毘摩羅 / |Jiāpímóluó Ca-Tỳ-Ma-La Kabimara 가비마라 / |Kabimara
14 Nāgārjuna 龍樹 / Lóngshù Long-Thọ Ryusho 용수 / Yongsu
15 Āryadeva 迦那提婆 / Jiānàtípó Ca-Na-Đề-Bà Kanadaiba 가나제바 / Kanajeba
16 Rāhulata 羅睺羅多 / Luóhóuluóduō La-Hầu-La-Đa Ragorata 라후라다 / Rahurada
17 Sanghānandi 僧伽難提 / Sēngqiénántí Tăng-Già-Nan-Đề Sōgyanandai 승가난제 / Sŭngsananje
18 Sanghayaśas 僧伽舍多 / Sēngqiéshèduō Tăng-Già-Da-Xá Sogyayasha 가야사다 / Kayasada
19 Kumārata 鳩摩羅多 / Jiūmóluóduō Cưu-Ma-La-Đa Kumarada 구마라다 / Kumarada
20 Śayata 闍夜多 / Shéyèduō Xà-Dạ-Đa Jayana 사야다 / Sayada
21 Vasubandhu 世親 / Shìqīn Bà-Tu-Bàn-Đầu Bashyubanzu 바수반두 / Pasubandu
22 Manorhita 摩拏羅 / Mónáluó Ma-Noa-La Manura 마나라 / Manara
23 Haklenayaśas 鶴勒夜那夜者 / Hèlèyènàyèzhě Hạc-Lặc-Na Kakurokuyasha 학륵나 / Haklŭkna
24 Simhabodhi 師子菩提 / Shīzǐpútí Sư-Tử-Bồ-Đề / Sư-Tử-Trí Shishibodai 사자 / Saja
25 Vasiasita 婆舍斯多 / Póshèsīduō Bà-Xá-Tư-Đa Bashashita 바사사다 / Pasasada
26 Punyamitra 不如密多 / Bùrúmìduō Bất-Như-Mật-Đa Funamitta 불여밀다 / Punyŏmilta
27 Prajñātāra 般若多羅 / Bānruòduōluó Bát-Nhã-Đa-La Hannyatara 반야다라 / Panyadara
28 Bodhi Dharma 達磨 / Pútí Dámó Bồ-Đề Đạt-Ma だるま / Bodai Daruma 달마 / Pori Dalma


Transmission to Japan

Twenty-four different Zen-lineages are recorded to be transmitted to Japan. Only three survived until today. Sōtō was transmitted to Japan by Dogen, who travelled to China for Chan training in the 13th century CE.

After receiving Dharma transmission in the Caodong line he returned to Japan and established the Sōtō line.

The Linji line was also transmitted to Japan several times, where it became known as the Rinzai line.


Jodo Shinshu

In Jodo Shinshu the term patriarch refers to seven Indian, Chinese and Japanese masters before its founder Shinran.


Tibetan Buddhism

Karma Kagyu

Possession of lineage

Wallace[14] renders into English a citation of Chagmé (Wylie: karma-chags-med, fl. 17th century) that contains an embedded quotation attributed to Nāropā (956-1041 CE):

The crucial, primary qualification of a spiritual mentor is stated by Naropa, "The qualification of a spiritual mentor is that [t]he[y][(s/he)] possesses the lineage."
The Single Meaning of the Vajra Speech Wylie: rDo rje'i gsungs dgongs pa gcig pa states, "There is great profundity in the connection within the lineage of the holy Dharma." The real lineage of the realization of this Dharma, which transfer blessings,[a] is the unbroken rosary of Buddhas...".[16]


Preservation of lineages

Gyatrul (b. 1924),[17] in a purport to Chagmé (Wylie: karma-chags-med, fl. 17th century), conveys Khyentse's 'samaya' (Sanskrit), diligence and humility in receiving 'wang' (Tibetan), lineal transmission and 'rlung' (Wylie) as rendered into English by Wallace (Chagmé et al., 1998: p. 21):


With respect to oral transmission, even if the lineage is impure, it is not a problem. Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche often sought out and received any oral transmission he thought was on the verge of disappearing. It made no difference who was giving it. He would receive it and, in turn, pass it on to make sure that the lineage remained unbroken.


Chöd lineage

Chöd is an advanced spiritual practice known as "Cutting Through the Ego." This practice, based on the Prajnaparamita sutra, uses specific meditations and tantric ritual.


There are several hagiographic accounts of how chöd came to Tibet. One namthar, or spiritual biography, asserts that shortly after Kamalashila won his famous debate with Moheyan as to whether Tibet should adopt the "sudden" route to enlightenment or his own "gradual" route,

Kamalashila enacted phowa, transferring his mindstream to animate a corpse polluted with contagion in order to safely move the hazard it presented. As the mindstream of Kamalashila was otherwise engaged, a Mahasiddha by the name of Padampa Sangye came across the vacant kuten or "physical basis" of Kamalashila.

Padampa Sangye was not karmically blessed with an aesthetic corporeal form, and upon finding the very handsome and healthy empty body of Kamalashila, which he assumed to be a newly dead fresh corpse, used phowa to transfer his own mindstream into Kamalashila's body.

Padampa Sangye's mindstream in Kamalashila's body continued the ascent to the Himalaya and thereby transmitted the Pacification of Suffering teachings and the Indian form of Chöd which contributed to the Mahamudra Chöd of Machig Labdrön.

The mindstream of Kamalashila was unable to return to his own kuten and so was forced to enter the vacant body of Padampa Sangye.

Source

Wikipedia:Lineage (Buddhism)


See also

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