Thangka, A Unique Tibetan Culture
Thangka, seen in every monastery and family shrine in Tibet, is actually a kind of Tibetan scroll-banner painting and is a unique art form that belongs to the Tibetan culture.
What is Thangka
Thangka has been in vogue in Tibet for centuries. In Tibetan, "Thang" means "unfolding" or "displaying", and Thangka means "silk, satin or cloth painting scroll".
It is most often painted on scrolls or embroidered on wall hangings of silk or other cloth.
Common at monasteries, lamas' residences, family halls for worshipping Buddha and homes of Tibetan Buddhists, Thangka is a mark of devotion to Buddhism and often serves as an object of worship.
Painting of a Buddha is called in Sanskrit a "Buddharupa," meaning "the form of an Enlightened One." So Buddha thangka represent the "enlightened one". the idol of the Buddhist religons.
Buddha thangkas are a symbol of Buddhism's founder. Siddhartha Gauthama.
Buddhists have used such images for thousands of years to show how the Truth can be found within oneself through the practice of meditation and spiritual training.
Thus, a thangka of Shakyamuni does more than commemorate an historical figure; it is a reminder of the spiritual potential inherent within all of us to awaken to the Truth as He, a fellow human being, did.
Buddhists usually place figures of Buddhas and Bodhisattvas on their altars. Bowing and offering incense at these altars expresses both the recognition of the sublime spiritual qualities shown by these thangkas and the aspiration to manifest these same qualities within ourselves.
The primary role of buddha thangka is to convey the calm feelings that reflect ones proper mental discipline as having the control over the negative emotions of fear and greed.
However, buddha thangkas also serve an important role in conveying teachings, particularly in traditional societies with low literacy rates. Buddha thangka inspire us to develop our inner qualities to achieve happiness good fortun.
Buddha thangka also bring the satisfaction in our lives. Buddha thangka in all cultures are usually depicted as stern in stature, pose, and dress.
The Buddha's ethereal features are emphasized, while its human features are de-emphasized.
Another important aspect of buddha thangka is the mudras, or hand gestures conveying certain ideas. (ex: concentration, knowledge, and fulfillment of vows).
While Buddha thangka come in a wide variety of poses, the most common is the Buddha in Lotus Position. This is a position of meditation that symbolizes perfect balance of thought and tranquility.
Many buddha thangkas sit on a pedestal in the form of a lotus blossom. The lotus represents the Buddha Mind because, though growing in mire, it puts forth beautiful, immaculate flowers.
There are different kind of mudra and postures buddha thangkas can be found. Buddha thangkas symbolize protection and peace in one's home or garden.
Place Buddha thangkas in central areas in your home or office for daily inspirationa dn as an reminder of our own capacity to achieve the good life.
Buddha thangkas Calling the Earth to Witness are represented by Buddha's right hand touching the ground in a gesture that symbolizes unshakable faith and resolution.
The reclining Buddha representing the Buddha's death and passage to Nirvana symbolizes complete peace and detachment from the world.
Some buddha thangkas are actually based on Bodhisattvas, people could have passed to Nirvana, but instead chose to remain in this world out of compassion for other human beings.
Development
Nobody knows where and when Thangka originated, but comparing with Tibetan painting, the history of Thangka can be traced back to as early as the Tubo period (or Songtsen Gampo period, about the 7th century), as a combination of Chinese scroll painting, Nepal painting and Kashmir painting.
From the relics of Karuo in Qamdo, we can find the trace of Thangka.
Until the 7th century, Songtsen Gampo united the whole Tibet and hence a new period in Tibetan history began.
Later Songtsen Gampo married Nepal princess Chizun and Tang Dynasty princess called Wencheng, further strengthening the connection of politics, economy, and culture between Tibetan and the Han ethnic groups.
The two princesses came to Tibet with a lot of Buddhist scriptures, architecture technology, soothsaying and lawmaking, medical scriptures and many skilled artisans, greatly stimulating the development of Tibetan society, especially the flourishing of Tibetan Buddhism and Tibetan Buddhism culture.
At that time fresco alone could not satisfy the need of those disciples. So another kind of art Thangka, easy to carry, hang and collect, appeared and popularized.
During the Ming and Qing dynasties (1368-1911), the central government adopted the system of approving Tibetan chieftain to strengthen the control over Tibet. These methods made contribution to the development of the Tibetan society.
So the Ming and Qing dynasties saw a great progress in the development of Thangka. Thangka of this period had three characteristics:
1. Thangka in larger number;
2. Different schools developed;
3. Appearance of many painting organizations.
Of the existing Thangkas, most were made during the Ming and Qing dynasties.
Content
The content of Thangka has various subjects such as historical events, personage biographies, religious doctrines, Tibetan natural conditions and social customs, folklores, mythical stories, images of great deities and Buddhas, and Jataka stories of the Buddha, etc., involving politics, economy, history, religion, literature and art, social life, Tibetan astrology, pharmacology, theology and many other respects.
The structure of Tibet Thangka is precise, balanced, plumpy and changeful. The painting methods are mainly bright color and line drawing.
Thangka always has a theme of Buddhism, and the artists must follow the sacred laws for portraying gods and Buddhas. Passages from scriptures are written in vermilion on the back, and Thangka is always unsigned, so it is next to impossible to know the painter and the age of ancient Thangkas.
Process
Thangkas are usually placed upright in a rectangular shape while there are a few that deal with subjects of Mandala that are square. Cotton canvas and linen cloth are the common fabrics on which pictures are painted with mineral and organic pigments (important Thangkas use ground gold and gemstones as pigments).
A typical Thangka has a printed or embroidered picture mounted on a piece of colorful silk.
A wooden stick is attached on the side from the bottom to the top to make it easier to hang and roll up.
Painting a Thangka usually starts by stretching a piece of cotton cloth on a wooden frame along its sides.
Then, a certain type of gesso is spread over both the front and back of the canvas to block the holes and then scraped off to produce smooth surfaces.
Afterwards, some orienting lines are drawn to guide the sketching. By following a fixed proportion, images are then roughly drawn.
The featured deity or saint occupies the center while other attendant deities or monks surround the central figure and along the border, and is comparatively smaller in size. Next is coloring. Painters apply pigments on the sketch.
Black, green, red, yellow and white are the basic colors used in coloring.
All the colors are mixed with animal glue and ox bile to keep them bright. Shading is then done to produce better pictorial effects.
At the final stage, facial features and eyes are finished, which is sacredly done only after a ritual held on a fixed day. After detail finishes, the canvas is removed from the frame and mounted on a piece of brocaded silk.
The wooden sticks are attached to the top and bottom of the silk. After a dust cover of gossamer silk is attached it is ready to be hung up.
Classification
Thangka can be made in a wide variety of techniques: silk tapestry with cut designs, color printing, embroidery, brocade, applique, and pearl inlay. The content ranges from Buddhas to the history and folk customs of Tibet. Hence the various types.
The common appearance of Thangka, with a scroll at the bottom, is usually 75 centimeters long and 50 centimeters wide. Besides, there is the banner style, and this kind of Thangka is 1.1 meters long and about 3.5 meters wide.
According to the material, Thangka can be divided into two types: one is made of silk and this kind is called gos-thang; the other, called bris-thang, is made of pigment. The gos-thang is printed on the canvas while the bris-thang is painted on the canvas.
1. gos-thang
According to the different kinds of silk, gos-thang can be divided into five classes:
(1) tshem-drub-ma is made of different kinds of silk woven by hand.
(2) lhan-dr-ub-ma or dras-drub-ma: To make this kind of Thangka, different kinds of silk are first cut into different shapes and then connected with needles.
(3) lhan-thabs-ma: This kind is a little similar to the second , but to make this kind of Thangka, different shapes of silk are agglutinated by the glue water.
(4) thag-drub-ma: This is a Thangka woven by hand.
(5) dpar-ma: To make this kind of Thangka, moulding board is necessary to print the pictures into the silk.
The largest Thangka of gos-thang kind is called gos-sku which is too big to be put on. In fact, it is only used at some special religious rituals. In the Potala Palace, there is a gos-sku with a length of 55.8 meters and a width of about 46.81 meters, made during the 5th Dalai Lama period.
2. bris-thang
According to the color of the background, bris-thang can be divided into five classes:
(1) tsho-thang: The background is multi-colorful.
(2) gser-thang: The background is yellow.
(3) mtshal-thang: The background is vermilion.
(4) dpar-thang : The background is black.
(5) dpar-thang: The method making this kind of Thangka is the same as that of water printed.
The largest bris-thang is 3 meters long and 2 meters wide while the smallest one is about 30 centimeters long and 20 centimeters wide.
Genre
Different styles of Thangka represent different schools of paintings in Tibet:
1. Karzhi School
Karzhi is one of the schools of Tibetan paintings and sculptures styles. It is said this school follows the painting style which had been used by Karma Mikye Dorje in the Figure Measurement composed by himself and was famous for painting calm and kind-hearted personal figures.
2. ChenZher School
ChenZher School is founded by ChenZher ChanMou of KhongKarLdo in Tibet. This school was born out of ManThangPa painting style and prolongs this style.
3. Mansale School
The founder of Mansale School was Qiangpa-Quyang Gyel-tshap. Their painting style is close to the ManNiang School with characteristics of boorish lines, powerful faces, taller figures, dense color and fine painting techniques.
4. Karlri School
Karlri School was founded by the Living Buddha LanMuKar ZhaXi who combined the technique of measurement in Tibetan painting style with those of coloring and arrangement in Chinese painting. It has characteristics of large picture and various contents. The personage painted usually with a comeliness and pretty face and implicit smile.
5. JeJuBi School
JeJuBi School is a school of painting founded by Karma Quyhang Dorje who absorbed the painting style of Kashmir on the basis of Tibetan painting.
6. Manlu School
Manlu School is the collective name of ManNiang School and Mansale School.
7. DenLu School
It is the painting style of scholars named ChiJar and ManThang·CharKar, etc. They had written many art books like Figure Measurement Favonian Beads, etc.
8. ShiGamPa School
The painting style of ShiGamPa and schools that kept this painting style are all called ShiGamPa School. It is also called Nepal School because of been influenced by the painting style of Nepal.
9. Deri School
Deri School is a school that combined the painting style of Karlri School and ManThangPa School. They mostly pay attention to the sculpture, expression and connotation of the persons painted.
10. ManNiang School
Founded by ManlaThongZhu in the 14th century, it is the earlist painting school in Tibet.
The persons painted in their works were almost with a smile or anger, with a slim and graceful figure and verisimilar expression, wearing magnificent clothes, finely colored, and the yardstick of every position of the body is moderate.
