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Bill M. Mak: IABS 2017 The transmission of the Grahamātṛkādhāraṇī and other Buddhist planetary astral texts Bill M. Mak Kyoto University mak@zinbun.kyoto-u.ac.jp 2017.8.22 1. Introduction: Astral science and Planetary worship in India 2. Formation and transmission of the Grahamātṛkādhāraṇī Indic origin; Chinese translations; Content of the Grahamātṛkādhāraṇī and its variants 3. Variation of planetary worship in Buddhist and non-Buddhist soruces Planetary worship in ancient India; varieties of planetary worship I. Saptavāra cycle (Bühnemann 2014: 120) Vasudhārā (Sun), Vajravidāraṇā (Moon), Gaṇapatihṛdayā (Mars), Uṣṇīṣvijayā (Mercury), Parṇaśavarī/Prajñāpāramitā (Jupiter), Mārīcī (Venus), Grahamātṛkā (Saturn) II. Contents of the Grahamātṛkādhāraṇī by sections and structural variation Section A. Preamble B. Dialogue between Vajrapāṇi and the Buddha C. The Buddha’s planetary mantras D. Construction of shrine and maṇḍala E. General instruction of planetary offering C1 C2/T2 - - T1/Skt. F. Grahamātṛkā dhāraṇī mantra (reduced) G. End of Buddha’s speech H. Closing - - C1: T1302 Zhuxingmu tuoluoni jing (“Sūtra of the mother of various stars dhāraṇī”), translated by the Sino-Tibetan monk Facheng . Based on Dunhuang manuscripts, dated to mid-ninth century C.E. C2: T1303 Shengyaomu tuoluoni jing Fatian . c. 973 C.E. (“Sūtra of the holy mother of the planets dhāraṇī”) translated by Indian monk T1: Toh 660. Ārya gra ha mā tṛ kā nā ma dhā ra ṇī/ ḥphags ma gZaḥ rnams kyi yum shes bya haḥi gzuṅs T2: Toh 661.Gra ha mā tṛ kā nā ma dhā ra ṇī/ gZaḥ rnams kyi yum shes bya baḥi gzuṅs III. Planetary mantras oṃ megholkāya svāhā / oṃ śītāṃśave svāhā / oṃ raktāṅgakumārāya svāhā / oṃ budhāya svāhā / oṃ bṛhaspataye svāhā / oṃ asurottamāya svāhā / oṃ kṛṣṇavarṇāya svāhā / oṃ rāhave svāhā / oṃ jyotiḥ ketave svāhā / 1 Bill M. Mak: IABS 2017 IV. Grahamātṛkādhāraṇī oṃ namo ratnatrayāya / oṃ namo buddhāya / oṃ namo dharmāya / oṃ namaḥ saṃghāya / oṃ namo vajradharāya / oṃ namaḥ padmadharāya / oṃ namaḥ kumārāya / oṃ namaḥ sarvagrahāṇāṃ sarvāśāparipūrakāṇām* / oṃ namaḥ nakṣatrāṇām* / oṃ namo dvādaśarāśīnām* / oṃ namaḥ sarvopadravāṇām* / tadyathā - oṃ buddhe 2 śuddhe 2 vajre 2 padme 2 sara 2 prasare 2 smara 2 krīḍa 2 krīḍaya 2 mara 2 māraya 2 mardaya 2 stambha 2 stambhaya 2 ghaṭa 2 ghāṭaya 2 mama sarvasattvānāñ ca vighnān chinda chinda bhinda 2 sarvavighnān nāśanaṃ kuru 2 mama saparivārasya sarvasattvānāñ ca kāryaṃ kṣepaya 2 mama sarvasattvānāñ ca sarvanakṣatragrahapīḍān nivāraya 2 bhagavati śriyaṃ kuru mahāmāyā prasādhaya sarvaduṣṭān nāśaya sarvapāpāni mama saparivārasya sarvasattvānāñ ca rakṣa 2 vajre 2 caṇḍe 2 caṇḍini 2 nuru 2 musu 2 mumu 2 muñca 2 havā have ugre ugratare pūraya bhagavati manorathaṃ mama sarvaparivārasya sarvasattvānāñ ca sarvatathāgatādiṣṭhānādhiṣṭhite svāhā / oṃ svāhā / hūṃ svāhā / hrīḥ svāhā / dhūḥ svāhā / dhīḥ svāhā / oṃ ādityāya svāhā / oṃ somāya svāhā / oṃ dharaṇīsutāya svāhā / oṃ budhāya svāhā / oṃ bṛhaspataye svāhā / oṃ śukrāya svāhā / oṃ śaniścarāya svāhā / oṃ rāhave svāhā / oṃ ketave svāhā / oṃ buddhāya svāhā / oṃ vajrapāṇaye svāhā / oṃ padmadharāya svāhā / oṃ kumārāya svāhā / oṃ sarvagrahāṇāṃ svāhā / oṃ sarvanakṣatrāṇāṃ svāhā / sarvopadravāṇāṃ svāhā / oṃ dvādaśarāśīnāṃ svāhā / oṃ sarvavidye hūṃ 2 phaṭ svāhā / V. Navagraha schemata Yājñavalkyasmṛti maṇḍala Grahamātṛkādhāraṇī maṇḍala VI. Other Planetary materials - Qiyaorangzaijue “Essence of seven-planet appeasement rituals” (*saptagrahaśānti). *Kaṃkūṭa . T1308. Early 9th century. Descriptions of navagrahas and mantras. - Hoshimandara, huoluo<horā<ὥρα) - Tejaprabhā iconography. Eleven luminaries. - Khmer navagraha (tenth century?) and Thai Buddhicization (nineteenth century). . 12th century; Tōjikarazu 2 . 1166CE (kara< Bill M. Mak: IABS 2017 Bibliography Bühnemann, Gudrun. 1989. “The heavenly bodies (navagraha) in Hindu ritual”. Sambhasa 11: 1-9. ---. 2006. “Tantric Deities in an Illustrated Dhāraṇī Manuscript from Nepal”. In Script and Image: Papers on Art and Epigraphy. Ed. Adalbert J. Gail, Gerd J. R. Mevissen, and Richard Salomon. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. ---. 2014. “A dhāraṇī for each day of the week: The saptavāra tradition of the Newar Buddhists”. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 77 (1): 119-136. Davidson, Ronald M. 2009. "Studies in Dhāraṇī Literature I; Revisiting the Meaning of the Term Dhāraṇī." Journal of Indian Philosophy 37 (37): 97-147. Dikshit, S.B. 1969. Bhāratīya Jyotish Śāstra (History of Indian Astronomy). Marathi version first published in 1896. 2 vols. New Delhi: Director General of Meteorology. Gail, Adalbert. 1980. "Planets and Pseudoplanets in Indian Literature and Art with Special Reference to Nepal." East and West 30 (1/4): 133-146. Grönbold, G. 2001. " ‘Saptavāra’. A Dhāraṇī Collection from Nepal." In Le Parole e i Marmi. Studi in onore di Raniero Gnoli nel suo 70° compleanno. Rome: Istituto Italiano Per l'Africa e 'Oriente. 369-375. Kropf, Marianna. 2005. Rituelle Traditionen der Planetengottheiten (Navagraha) im Kathmandutal: Strukturen - Praktiken - Weltbilder. Ph.D. thesis. University of Heidelberg. Mak, Bill M. 2012(2015). “Indian jyotiṣa Literature through the Lens of Chinese Buddhist Canon”. Journal of Oriental Studies 48 (1): 1-19. ---. 2015. "The Transmission of Buddhist Astral Science from India to East Asia: The Central Asian Connection." Historia Scientiarum 24 (2): 59-75. Markel, Stephen. 1990. "The Imagery and Iconographic Development of the Indian Planetary Deities Rahu and Ketu." South Asian Studies 6. ---. 1995. Origins of the Indian Planetary Deities. Lewiston, N.Y.: Edwin Mellen Press. Mevissen, Gerd. 2004. "Die früheste Darstellung der Grahamatṛkā: Buchmalerei aus Nepal." Indo-Asiatische Zeitschrift 8: 47-62. ---. 2006. "Iconography of Grahamātṛkā." In Script and image: papers on art and epigraphy. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. 65-98. ---. 2012. "Figurations of Time and Protection: Sun, Moon, Planets and Other Astral Phenomena in South Asian Art." In Figurations of Time in Asia. München: Wilhelm Fink Verlag. 82-147. Pingree, David Edwin (ed.). 1981. Jyotiḥśāstra: Astral and Mathematical Literature. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ---. 1989. "Indian Planetary Images and the Tradition of Astral Magic." 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Mak: IABS 2017 Comparison of planetary colors and directions YS, VSS, BG, MP YJ 1.123-136 / 1.66-67 VYJ 2.1-11 BJ 2.5 Grahamātṛkādhāraṇī Dir. Image(specific color) Dir. Color Dir. Image/Color Dir. center gold-bodied man E reddish (red) E copper E red Sun god center white SE white youth W - NW white NW white brahman E Mars red S red-bodied clothed in red man S red-bodied (red) S very red S red bhikṣu S Mercur y yellow (blue NE VSS) dark-bodied clothed in (pālāśa) man green N - N yellow/gree n (harita) N brahmacārī yellow Jupiter yellow N yellow-bodied clad in white man N yellow-clad (yellow) NE yellow NE guru shining in color N of molten gold Venus white E silver-bodied youth E - SE brightcolored SE milk-colored white SE cow Saturn black W man clothed in black W black (black) W black W black mendicant SW (kṣapaṇaka) Rāhu black SW - - SW SW kāpālika with lapis NW lazuli (rājavartanibha) Ketu smokecolored (variegated BS) NW - graha Color Dir. Sun red Moon Image/Color (white) (yellow) (white) smoke-colored cāṇḍala 4 in W NE