Ye-Shes-sDe; Tibetan Scholar and Saint - Dr. Sherab Rhaldi
It was being held for a long time that a large number of Buddhist texts have been translated .by the Tibetan scholars. While the presupposition turned out
gradually to be true, what, in fact was not equally certain was the number of texts translated, the areas where emphasis was laid and the scholars who were involved in the act of translation. The researches so far undertaken both by the Tibetan, Asian and western scholars appear to be inadequate in terms of
the quality' of information which they have obtained and the way they have sorted out their information. One of the Indian scholars who claims to have done some ground work in his book on Tibetan Literature is Rahul Sankrityayana2. Rahul intended to formulate a list of scholars starting with the 7th century
A.D. and closed it in the 17th century. The list might be useful as pioneering work; nevertheless Rahur s over enthusiasm about the Indian scholars had blighted the facts of history on a number of occasions. This is revealed by a subsequent work, which was more detailed and somewhat exhaustively evidenced
by the Tibetan sources. Guide to the Nyingma Edition of the sDe-dge-bKa’-’gyur/bsTan-‘gyur edited and produced by Tarthang Tulku3 evidently is more informative and therefore more reliable have contradicted some information provided by Rahul on logical grounds.
However, before we come to a position to utter any opinion it will be doing well to mention that of the Tibetan scholars whose name occurred with the translation is the name of Ye-Shes-sDe. Rahul mentioned his name as an associate _ of Jinamitra. But Tarthang Tulku list highlighted Ye-Shes-sDe as the
principal translator; some fifteen scholars and all of them from India seemed to have assisted Ye-Shes-sDe. Those scholars are [1] Jinamitra, [2] Prajnavarma, [3] Silendrabodhi, [4] Danasila, [5] Munivarma, [6] Surendrabodhi, [71 Karmavannan, [8] Vijayasila, [9] Buddhaprabha, [10] Manjusriprabha, [11] Sakyaprabha, [12] Vidyakaraprabha, [13] Jnanasiddhi, [14] Manjusri and [15] Dharmatasila4.
On the whole the importance of Ye-Shes-sDe had surfaced inspite of the fact that this scholar remained incognito till today.
No reliable biographical information could be obtained about Ye-Shes- sDe except that he belonged to the Nyingma [[[Ancient]]] sect and that he lived in the
later part of the 8th century and in the early decades of the 9th century A.D. One " reference to the Bengal ruler Dharma Paia in the context of Ye-Shes-sDe has suggested the probable date which is mentioned5. The Tibetan sources almost in unanimity declared that Ye-Shes-sDe was a contemporary of Upadhyaya Santaraksita6 and Acharya Padmasambhava. In the course of our investigation an important point has emerged which suggests some textual scrutiny. It has been
mentioned in the Biographical Dictionary of Tibet and Tibetan Buddhism, compiled by Khetsun Sangpo7 Vol. Ill and having drawn largely from Thang-yig, of
Padmasambhava in which the biographical data about Vairocana8 had elaborately figured out- that the names of the translators of the tantras, sutras, grammar etc. had been different. It had been suggested that the principal translator was Vairocana and he had used his name while translating the tantras
and had assumed nom-de- plume as Ye-Shes-sDe while translating the sutras. It had been further suggested that other names had been used whose grammars had been translated by Vairocana. Therefore, it appears that the translator Ye-Shes-sDe whose reference appeared along with the translations of texts listed
out in the subsequent part of the study was the same person as Vairocana. But the decision on this issue cannot be taken with certainty at this stage due to the fact that this position held by Thang-yig is not adequately evidenced by other Tibetan texts. In the majority of the tantra texts translated and listed out by us the name of Ye-Shes-sDe has been mentioned in place of Vairocana; so, the question if Ye-Shes-sDe was the original name and Vairocana being the nom-de-plume or the other way round virtually remained an unanswered question. On closer scrutiny it has been found that Ye-Shes-sDe had been inclined more towards Sutra and Tantra and in addition to that he took interest in many other subjects. It has been further observed that Ye-Shes-sDe had composed three books9, which presumably dealt with his philosophy.
The books which have been translated by Ye-Shes-sDe are the following: Ka-gyur
S. No Title of the books Assistant Translator/translators Prajnaparamita
1 Satasasrika-prajnaparamita Khams-pa Go-cha;sBas Manju£r
Nyang Indravaro; Vairotsana; Nyang ICe Khyi-’brug
2 Arya-astadasasahasr i ka-praj naparam ita-nama- Mahayana-sutra
3 Arya-dasasahasrika-prajnaparamita-nama-maha- Yana-sutra
4 Arya-suvikrantavikrami-parip~ccha-praji 1 aparimita - Silendrabodhi Nirdesa and Jinamitra
5 Arya-pancaSa! ika-praj naparimita Silendrabodhi and Jinamitra:
6 Arya-vajracchedi-nama-prajriaparamita-mahayana- Silendrabodhi sutra ‘
7 Buddha-avatamsaka-nama-mahavaipulya-sutra -
8 Arya-maharatnaku\a-dharmapuryaya-satasaha-Sri kagranthe trisamvara-n irdesa-pa riv arta-nama- Mahayana-sutra
9 Arya-tathagata-acintya-guhya-nirde£a-nama- Jinamitra, Mahayana-sutra Danas’ilaandMunivanna
10 Arya-svapnanirdesa-nama-mahayana-sutra
11 Arya-amitabhavyuha-nama-mahayana-sutra
12 Arya-ak~obhya-tathagatasya-vyuha-nama- Mahayana-sutra
13 Arya-dharmadhatu-prakrti-asambheda-nirdes’a- nama-mahayana-sutra
14 Arya-dasadharmaka-nama-mahayana-sutra
15 Arya-samantamukha-parivarta-nania-mahayana- Sutra
16 Arya-manju~rl-buddhak~etra-gul)a-vyuha-nama- Mahayana-sutra
17 Arya-pitaputra-saniaganiana-nania-mahayana- Sutra
18 Arya-rastrapala-pariprccha-nama-mahayana-sutra
19 Arya-grhapati-ugraparlprccha-nama-mahayana-sutra -Surendrabodhi
20 Arya-bhadramayakara-vyakarana-nama-mahayana- Jinamitra and
Sutra Prajnavamian
21 Arya-mahapratiharya-nirdesa-nama-mahayana- Jinamitra,
Sutra Surendrabodhi and prajnayarman
22 Arya-maltreya-mahaslmhanada-nama-mahayana- Jinamitra,
Sutra Surendrsbodhi and
Prajnavarman
23 Arya-vinayavinicaya-upalipariprccha-nama- Jinamitra, prajnavanna,
Mahayana-sutra Surendra-Sodhi and others
24 Arya-adhyasayasancodana-nama-mahayana-Sutra
25 Arya-subahu-pariprccha-nama-mahayana-sutra Jinamitra and Surendrsbodhi Danasila and Jinamitra
26 Arya-surata-pariprccha-nama-mahayana-sutra Jinamitra and Surendrabodhi
27 Arya-viradatta-grhapati-pariprccha-nama- Jinamitra and Danasila
2 8 Arya-udayanavatsaraj a-paripfccha-nama- Jinamitra and Pari varta Surendrabodhi
29 Arya-sumatidarika-parip-ccha-nama-mahayana- Jinamitraand Sutra Surendrabodhi
30 Arya-gangottara-pariprccha-nama-mahayana- Jinamitra and Danasila Sutra
31 Arya-asokadatta-vyakarala-nama-mahayana- sutra
3 2 Arya- vimaladatta-parip~ccha-nama-mahayana Sutra
3 3 Arya-gunaratna-sankusumita-periprccha-nama- Mahayana-sutra
34 Arya-acintya-buddha-visayanirdesa-nama- Mahayana-sutra
3 5 Arya-susthitamati-devaputra-parirccha-nama- Mahayana-sutra
3 6 Arya-siffihapariprccha-nama-mahayana-sutra
3 7 Ary a-sarvabuddha-maharahasyopayakausalya- Jnanottarabodhisattva-pariprccha-parivarta-nama- Mahayana-sutra.
3 8 Arya-bhadrapaiatrethi-pariprceha-riama- Mahayana-sutra
39 Arya- maltreya-panprccha-nama-mahayana-sutra
40 Arya-maitreya-pariprccha~nama-mahayana-sutra-
41 Arya-kashyapa-parivarta-nama-mahayana-sutra
42 Arya-ratnarasi-nama-manayana-sutra Surendrabodhi
43 Arya-aksayamati-paripriccha-nama-mahayana- Surendrabodhi Sutra
44 Arya-saptas’atika-nama-prajnaparamita-mahayana- Surendrabodhi Sutra
45 Arya-snmaiadevi-simhanada-nama-mahayana- Sutra
46 Arya-rsivyasa-paripccha-narna-mahayana-sutra Sutra12
47 Aiya-lalrtavlstara-nama-mahayana-sutra Jinamitra, Danasila and Munivarman
48 Arya-manjusri-viknqita-nama-mahayana-sutra Surendrabodhi
49 Aiya-manjusrivikuivana-parivarta-nama-mahayana- Silendrabodhi sutra and Jinamitra
50 Arya-sarvatathagatadhi-thana-sattvavalokena-bud- Jinamitra, Dhaksetra-niedesa-vyuha-nama-mahayana-sutra Surendrabodhi Klu’ 1 rgyal-mtshan and Cog-ro
51 Arya-sarvabuddha-vi~ayavatarajnanaloka-alamkara- Surendrabodhi nama-mahayana-sutra
52 Arya-samgha,ta-sutra-dharmaparyaya Jinamitra and Danasila
53 Arya-acintyaprabhasa-nirdesa-nama-dharma-psryaya -Surendrabodhi
54 Arya-tathagatanam-buddhaksetra-gunokta- Jinamitra and Danasila Dharmaparyaya
55 Arya-mandalalasaka-nama-mahayana-sutra Jinamitra
56 Arya-gayasira-nama-mahayana-sutra Surendrabodhi
57 Arya-ghanavyuha-nama-mahayana-sutra -Jinamitra and Silendrabodhi
5 8 Arya-mahakarunapuundarika-nama-mahayana-sutra -Jinamitra and Silendrabodhi
59 Arya-karunapundarika-nama-mahayana-sutra Jinamitra and Surendrabodhi
60 Saddharmapundarika-nama-mahayana-sutra Surendrabodhi
61 Arya-sarvadhalrnagunavyuharaja-nama-mahayana- Prajnavalman Sulfa and Surendrabodhi
62 Arya-sukhavatlvyuha-nama-mahayana-sutra -Danasila
63 Arya-karandavyuha-nama-mahayana-sutra -Jinamitra and Danasila
64 Arya-ratnakoti-nama-mahayana-sutra -Prajnavalman
65 Arya-ratnakara-nama-mahayana-sutra -Jinamitra and Surendrabodhi
56 Arya-suvamabalukopama-nama-mahayana-sutra -Surendrabodhi and Prajnavarman
67 Arya-dharmatasvabhava-sunyatacala-prati- -Danasila Sarvaloka-sutra
68 Arya-prasanta-vinisayapratiharya-samadhi- -Jinamitra and Danasila Nama-mahayana-sutra
69 Arya-mayopama-samadhi-nama-mahayana-suitra -Surendrabodhi
70 Arya-tathagata-jnanamudra-samadhi-nama- -Jinamitra, Munivannan Mahayana-sutra and Danasila
71 Arya-sarvapunaya-samuccaya-samadhi-nama- Prajnavaman Mahayana-sutra and Silendrabodhi
72 Arya-caturdaraka-samadhi-nama-mahayana-sutra -Jinamitraand Prajnavamian
73 Arya-mahasannipata-ratnaketu-dharani-nama-. Mahayana-sutra Silendrabodhi
74 Arya-vajramanda-nama-dharaiii-mahayanâ-sutra -Silendrabodhi
75 Arya-mahayanaprasadaprabhavana-nama^ Jinamitra and Danasi 1 a
76 Arya-ratnolka-nama-dharani-mahayaiid-sutra
77 Arya-bodhisattva-gocaropayavisaya-vikurvanla- Nirdesa- riama-mahayana-sutra
78 Aiya-tathagatamahakaruna-nirdela nama- Mahayana-sutra Surendrabodhi Prajnavarman Silendrabodhi
79 Arya-gaganaganja-pariprccha-nama-màhayana-sutra -Vijayasila and-Silendrabodhi
80 Arya-pratibhanamati-pariprccha-nanîa- Mahayana-sutra Prajnavarman
81 Arya-sagaramati-pariprccha-nania-niahayana-sutra -Jinamitra, Danasi la and Buddhaprabha
82 Arya-sagaranagaraja-pariprccha-nama-mahayana- Jinamitraand Sutra
83 Arya-sagaranagaraja-pariprccha-nama- mahayana-sutra
84 Arya-sagaranagaraja-pariprccha-nama- mahayana-sutra Prajnavamian Jinamitra, Danasila and Munivamian Surendrabodhi
85 Arya-anavataptanagaraja-paripriccha-nama- Jinamitra, Danasila an Mahayana-sutra dGon-glingRma
86 Arya-brahma-pariprccha-nama-mahayana-sutra Jinamitra
87 Arya-brahmadatta-pariprccha-nama-mahayana-sutra-Surendrabodhi and Prajnavarman
88 Arya-suvikranta-cintadevaputra-pariprccha-nama- Prajnavamian Mahayana-sutra
89 Arya-sdrivasu-pariprccha-nama-mahayana-sutra Surendrabodhi and Prajnavarman
90 Arya-ksemarikara-pariprccha-nama-mahayana-sutra -Praj navarman
91 Arya-rastrapala-pariprccha-nama-mahayana-sutra
92 Arya-viku rvaryaraja-pariprccha-nama- . mahayana-sutra
93 Arya-mahayanopadesa-nama-mahayana-surta -Jinamitra Prajnavarman Jinamitraand Danasila 94 Arya-srimatibrahmani-pariprccha-nama-mahayana- Surendrabodhi Sutra and Prajnavarman
95 Arya-mahalalika-pariprccha-nama- JinamitraandDanasila mahayana-sutra
96 Arya-manjusrinirdesa-manayana-sutra Surendrabodhi
97 Arya-bodhipaknanirdesa-nanra-mahayana-sutra Jinamitraand Jnanasiddhi
98 Arya-pancaparamita-nirdesa-nama-mahayana-sutra Jinamitra
99 Arya-danaparamita-nama-mahayana-sutra Prajnavarman
100 Arya-dananusamsa-nirdesa Surendrabodhi
101 Arya-bodhisattvacarya-nirdesa-nama-mahayana -Jinamitraand -sutra Prajnavarman
102 Arya-tathagata-guna-jnanacintya-visayavatara- Jnanagarbha Nirdesa-nama-mahayana-sutra
103 Arya-stnvivarta-vyakaralua-nama-mahayana-sutra -Prajnavarman and Silendrabodhi
104 Arya-candrottaradarika-vyakarana-nama-mahayana- Jilnamitra Sutra
105 Arya-avalokana-nama-mahayana-sutra Jinamitra and Danasila
106 Arya-manjusrlvihara-nama-mahayana-sutra
107 Arya-amrtavyaharana-nama-mahayana-sutra
108 Arya-maitreyaprasthana-nama-mahayana-sutra
109 Arya-Jokanuvartana-nama-mahayana-sutra
110 Arya-traddhabaladhanavataramudra-nama- Mahayana-sutra
111 Arya-niyataniyatagatimudravatara-nama-mahayana- Prajnavarman sutra
112 Arya-pradipadamya-nama-mahayana-sutra
113 Arya-pratiyasamutpada-nama-mahayana-sutra
114 Rajadesa-nama-mahayana-sutra
115 Arya-sngupta-nama-sutra
116 Arya-karmavarana-visudddhi-nama-mahayana-sutra -Jinamitra and Prajnavarman Jinamitraand Danasila Jinamitraand Silendrabodhi
119 Arya-trayastrimsat-parivarta-nama-mahayana-sutra -Prajnavarman
120 Arya-sthiradhyasaya-parivarta-nama- mahayana- sutra
121 Arya-bhavasamkranti-nama-mahayana-sutra
122 Arya-sarvavaidalya-samgraha-nama-mahayana- Jinamitraand sutra Munivarman
123 Arya-mahamegha-nama-mahayana-sutra Surendrabodhi
124 Arya-mahameghasutraddasadighodhisattva-samu- Surendrabodhi Drasannipati-mahotsava-vikrinita-nama-parivarla
125 Arya-mahamegha-vayu-mandala-parivarta-sarva- Jinamitraand N aga-hrdaya-nama-mahayana-sutra Surendrabodhi
126 Arya-mahamegha Jinamitra and Silendrabodhi
127 Arya-dharmasamg-iti-nama-mahayana-sutra Manju-igarbha, Vijayai-ila and Silendrabodhi
128 Arya-avaivartacakra-nama-mahayana-sutra Jinamitra, Danasila and Munivarman
129 Arya-dharmanaya-nama-mahayana-sutra
130 Arya-dharmaskandha-nama-mahayana-sutra
131 Arya-paramarthadharmavijaVa-nama- mahayana-sutra '
132 Arya-dharmamarthavibhanga-nama-mahayana- Sutra
133 Arya-caturdharma-nirdesa-nama-mahayana-sutra Surendrabodhi:
13 4 Arya-tathagatagarbha-nama-mahayana-sutra Sakyaprabha
13 5 Arya-anaksaraakarandaka-vairocanagarbha-nama- Jinamitra, Mahayana-sutra Danasila and Munivarman
13 6 Arya-astabuddhaka-nama-mahayana-sutra Jinamitra and Surendrabodhi 13 7 Dasabuddhaka-nama-mahayana-sutra Prajnavarman
13 8 Arya-dvadasabuddhaka-nama-mahayana-sutra Jinamitra and Danasila
139 Arya-buddhabhumi-nama-mahayana-sutra
145 Bimbisarapratyudgamana-nama-mahasutra
146 Sunyata-nama-mahasutra
147 Mahasunyata-nama-mahasutra
148 Dhvajagra-nama-mah-asutra
149 Pancatraya-nama-mahasutra
150 Anityata-sutra
151 Arya-bhadrakaratri-nama-sutra
152 Arthaviniscaya-nama-dharmaparyaya
153 Aiya-adbhuta-dharmaparyaya-nama
154 Alpadevata-sutra
155 Karmavibhariga
156 Sukarikavadana-nama-sutra
157 Brahmajala-sutra-Tantra
158 Arya-vajrapani-abhiska-Mahatantra
159 Aiya-astadevi-dharani
160 Arya-saptatathagata-purvaprarandhana- visesavistara- Nama-mahayana-sutra
161 Aiya-bhagavato-bhaisajyaguru-vadurya- prabhasya-Purva-pranidhana-visesa- vistara-nama-mahayana-sutra
162 Aiya-tathagata-vaiduryaprabha-nama-baladhana- Jinamitra, Samadhi-dharani Danisila and Silendrabodhi
163 Arya-dvadasabuddhaka-nama-mahayana-sutra Jinamitra and Danasila
164 Arya-sarvabuddhangavati-nama-dharani Jinamitra and Danasila
165 Arya-buddhahrdaya-nama-dharani-dharmaparyaya -Jinamitra and Danasila' Jinamitra and Danasila Jinamitra and Danasila Jinamitra and Danasila Jinamitra and Danasila Prajnavannan and Surendrabodhi Jinamitra and Danasila Jinamitra and Danasila Jinamitraand Surendrabodhi Surendrabodhi, Jnanasiddhi and Sakyaprabha
178 Mahamantranudhari-sutra
179 Arya-jayavati-nama-mahavidya-raja
180 Arya-abhisecani-nama-dharani
181 Arya-hiranyavati-nama-dharani
182 Arya-cudamani-nama-dharani 183 Arya-sardurgati-parisodhaiii-usnisavijaya- nama-dharani
184 Samantamukha-pravesa-rasmivimalosnisa- prabhasa-Sarvatathagata- hrdaya- samayavilokita-nama-dharani
185 Arya-mahadanda-nama-dharani
18 6 Arya-ratnamal a-nama-aparaj ita
187 Arya-sarvantarayika-visodhani-nama- dharani
188 Arya-sarvabhayaprada-nama-dharani-
189 Arya-dramida-vidyaraja
190 Arya-dhvajagrakeyura-nama-dharani
191 Arya-sumukha-nama-dharani
192 Arya-bahupurra-pratisarana-nama-dharani -
193 Arya~bhadraratn-nama-sutra
194 Arya-arsaprasamam-sutra 195 Arya-jVaraprasamanl-naina-dharam
196 Arya-vaisallpravesa-mahasutra
197 Arya-kancanavati-nama-dharami
198 Arya-astamandalaka-nama-mahayana-sutra -
199 Pretavighna-nama-dharani
200 Mahasamaja-sutra-nama-mahasutra -
201 Arya-dharmasagara-nama-dharani
202 Atanatiya-sutra-nama-mahasutra
203 Arya-mahamegha
204 Arya-mahameghavata-mandala-sarvanaga-hrdaya- Jinamitra and Nama-mahayana-sutra Silendrabodhi
205 Arya-mahakrsnasarvajvaramocani Prajnavannan
206 Arya-avalokitesvaraikadasamukha-nama-dharani Silendrabodhi
207 Arya-samantabhadra-nama-dharani
208 Arya-rucirangayasthi-nama-dharani
209 Arya-abhayaprada-nama-aparaj ita
210 Arya-sarvatathagata-adhishana- sattvavalokenabuddha- Ketra-nirdesana- vyuha-nama-mahayana-sutra
211 Arya-avalokitesvaramata-nama-dharani
212 Ary a-mah.alasksmi-sutra
213 Sri-devidvadata-nama
214 Vajravidarana-nama-dharani
215 Arya-mahavajrameru-sikharakutagara- dharani
216 Arya-vaj raj itanalapramohani-nama-dharani -J inamitra and Danasila
217 Arya-dasavajrapani-hrdaya Jinamitra and Danasila
218 Arya-mahabala-nama-maliayana-sutra -Silendrabodhi and Jinamitra
221 Mangalagatha
222 Ratnatrayasvasti-gatha Dharani
223 Arya-ratnolka-nama-dharani-mahayana-sutra Surendrabodhi
224 Arya-dvadasabuddhaka-nama-mahayana- Jinamitra and Danasila sutra
225 Arya-buddhah~daya-nama-dharani-dharmaparyaya -Jinamitra and Danasila
226 Arya-buddhah.rdaya-nama-dharani
227 Arya-salvabuddhangavati-nama-dharami
22 8 Arya-Candananga-nama-dharani
229 Arya-abhisecani-nama-dharam
230 Arya-vimala-nama-dharani .
231 Arya-Visesevali-nama-dharani
232 Arya-astamandalaka-nama-mahayana-sutra -
233 Arya-maharnmahindra-nama-dharani
234 Arya-mahadharani
235 Arva-avalokitesvaraikadatamukha-nama-dharani
236 Arya -samnatabhadra-nama-dharani
237 Arya-mekhala-nama-dharani
238 Arya-avalokitesvaramata-nama-dharani
239 Arya-anantamukha-sadhika-nama-dharani
240 Aiya-sumukha-nama-dhaianii
241 Arya-ruciragayasthi-nama-dharani
242 Arya-cudamani-nama-dharani
243 Arya-dhvaj agrakryura-nama-dharani
244 Arya-kanakavati-nama-dharani
245 Arya-salvabhayaprada-nama-dharani
246 Arya-salvantaravika-visodhani-nama-dharani -
247 Arya-dramiqa-vidyaraja
248 Arya-abhayaprada-nama-aparajita
249 Arya-ratnamala-nama-aparajita
250 Arya-mahavajrameru-sikharakutagara-darani
251 Arya-mahabala-nama-mahayan-sutra.
252 Vajravidarala-nama-dhrarani
253 Arya-dasvajrapani-hrdaya
254 Arya-vajrajitanalapramohani-nama-dharani-
255 Arya-mahadanda-nama-dhrani
256 Arya-vidyaraja-mahatantra
257 Arya-bhadraratri-nama-sutra
258 Arya-dharmasagara-nama-dharani
259 Arya-bahuputra-pratisarana-nama-dharani -
260samantamukhapravea-rasmivimalosnisaprabhasa- Sarvatathagata-hrdaya-samayavilokita-nama-dharani -Surendrabodhi
261 Arya-Salvadurgati-parisodhani-usnisavijaya-nama- Jinamitra and Dharani Surendrabodhi
262 Arya-hiranyavati-nama-dharani
263 Arya-astasevi-dharani
264 Arya-jayavati-nama-mahavidyarajni
265 Arya-mahalaksmi-sutra
266 Sri-devidvadasaka-nama
267 Arya-jvaraprasamam-nama-dharani
268 Arya-arsaprasamani-sutra
269 Atanatlyasutra-nama-mahasutra
270 Mahasamajasutra-nama-mahasutra
271 Arya-mahamegha
272 Arya-mahameghaghavata-mandala-sarvanaga- Hrdaya-nama-mahayana-sutra
273 Pretavighna-nama-dharani
274 Arya-mahakrsna-sarvajvaramocani
275 Arya-vaiasal ipravesa-mahasutra
276 Agracarya-praryidhana
277 Mangala-gatha
278 Triratnasvasti-gatha
Supplementary Text
279 Arya-bhad racraya-prani dhana-r; Tan-gyur15 Stotra
280 Dharmakayasrava-samanyaguna-stotra Jinamitra and Surendrabodhi Tantra by Asanga
281 Arya-anantamukha-nirhara-dharani-vyakhyana- Karika, by Jnanagarbha
282 Arya-anantamukha-nirhara-dharani-tika by Jnanagarbha
283 Arya-satasahasrika-pancavimsatisahasrika- Asadasasahasrika-prajnaparimita-brhattika By Damstrasena
284 Arya-prajiiaparamita-Vajracchedika-tika By Kamalasila Madhyamaka
285 Sunyatasaptati-vrtti byNagarjuna
286 Yuktisasthika-vrtti by Candrakirti
287 Satyadvaya-vibhanga-karika by Jnanagarbha
288 Satyadvaya-vibhanga-vrtti by Jnanagarbha
289 Satyadvaya-Vibhanga-panjikaby Santaraksita and Jnanagarbha
290 Madhyamakalamkara-karikaby Santaraksita
291 Madhyamakalamkara-vrtti by Santaraksita
292 Madhyamakalamkara-panjika by Kamalasi 1 a
293 Kayatrayavataramukha-nama-sastra By Nagamitra
294 Kayatraya-vrtti by J nanacandra Prajnavannan
295 Sakrtpravesika-nirvikalpa-bhavanartha Dharmatlsila by Vimalamitra
296 Bhavanakrama by Kamalasila Prajnavannan
297 Bhavanayogavatara by Kamalasila Praj navannan
298 Sutrasamuccaya by Nagarjuna Jinamitra and Silendrabodhi
299 Kramapravesika-bhavanartha by Vimalamitra Prajnavannan
300 Siksasamuccaya-karika by Santideva Jinamitra and Danasila
301 Siksasamuccaya, by Santideva Jinamitra and Danasila
302 Bodhicittotpada-vidhi,byNagarjuna Surendrabodhi Sutra
303 Arya-samdhinimocana-bhasya, by Asanga - Jnamltra an Silenrabodhi
304 Arya-caturdhannaka-Vyakhyana-tika, - Danasila and prajnavannan by Jnanadatta
305 Arya-gayasirsa-nama-sutra-vyakhyana, Surendrabodhi by Vasubandhu
306 Arya-dasabhumi-vyakhyana, - ManjusrigarbhaandPrajnaivannan by Vasubandhu Citamatra
307 Madhyanta-vibhanga-karika, JinamitraandSilendrabodhi by Maitreyanatha
308 Madhyanta-vibhanga-tika, by Vasubandhu Jinamitra and Silendrabodhi
309 Madhyanta-vibhanga-tika, by Sthiramati -Jinamitraand Silendrabodhi
310 Yogacaryabhumau-sravakabhumi, by Asanga Jinamitra
311 Yogacaryabhumau-bodhlsattvabhuml, by Asanga Prajnavannan
312 Yogacaryabhumi-viniscaya-samgraha, by Asanga Prajnavannan and Surendrabodhi
313 Yogacaryabhumau-vastusamgraha, by Asanga Prajnavannan and Jinamitra
314 Yogacaryabhumau-vinayasamgraha, by Asanga Prajnavannan and Jinamitra
315 Yogacaryabhumau-vivaranasamgraha, by Asanga Prajnavannan and Surendrabodhi
316 Bodhisattvasila-parivarta-bhasya, by Gunaprabha Prajnavannan
317Bodhisattvasila-parivarta-tika,byJinaputra Jinamitra and Prajnavannan
318 Mahayana-samgraha, by Asanga JinamitraandSilendrabodhi
319 Abhidhannasamuccaya by Asanga Jinamitra and Silendrabodhi
320 Mahyana-samgrahopanibandhana, Jinamitra and Silendrabodhi by Asvabhava
321 Abhidharmasamuccaya-bhasya byjinaputra Janamitraand Silendrabodhi
322 Abhidhannasamuccaya-vyakhya-nama, Jinamitra by Jinputra
323 Trimsika-karika. by Vasubandhu
324 Vimsaka-karika, by vasubandhu
325 Vimsaka-vrtti by Vasubandhu
326 paricaskandha-prakarana by Vasubandhu
327 Trinisika-bhasyaby Sthiramati
328 Prakarana-vimsaka-tika by Vinltadeva
329 pancaskandha-prakara~a-vaibhasya By Sthiramati
330 Pancaskandha-vivaranaby Gunaprabha
331 Pancaskandha-bhasyaby Prthivlbandhu
332 Trimsika-tika by Vinjtadeva - Jinamitra, Silendrabodhi and Danasila
333 Yogacaryabhavanarthasamasa-nirdesa Prajriavarman
335 Karmaprajnapti. by Maudgalyayana Jinamitra,Danasila and Prajnavarman By Jnanacandra Abhidharma
334 Kararjaprajnapti, by Maudgalyayana -Jinamitra and Prajnavarman
336 sarasamuccaya-nama-abhidharmavatara-tika Jinamitra and Danasila Vinaya
337 Arya-mulasarvastivadi-saramanera-karika, By Nagarjuna or Samghabhadra Lekha/Parikatha
338 Sthaviropanimantrana, by Bhavaskandha Pramana
339 Nyayabindu-tika by Vinltadeva
340 Nyayabindu-pindartha, by Jinamitra Nitisastra
341 Nitisastra-prajnadandamama, by Nagarjuna
342 Nitisastra-jantuposanabindu-nama, by Nagarjuna Visvavidya
343 Bhadracaryacatustika-Pindarthabhismarana, by Ye-Shes-sDe
344 Drstivisesa, by Ye-Shes-sDe
345 Buddhatmatlka by Ye-Shes-sDe
346 Mangalagatha, by Nagarjuna
347 Ratnatrayasvasti-gatha
In the final analysis it appears that Yc-Shes-sDe was not an ordinary scholar taking interest in the Buddhist literature from India. The fact that he had translated roughly three hundred forty seven texts, as far as our findings to date go, he seemed to have not only mastered a large number of texts bur also developed 34
considerable interest in varieties of texts. His versatility may reasonably surprise any scho|ar of any persuasion. His biographical information not being available in detail, have understandably left the scholar of Buddhist studies both in Tibet and India in a state of academic dissatisfaction.
In the present context of political turmoil in Tibet and the Tibetans having to had to leave their homeland in a state of utter sorrow it turns out to be difficult to understand the level of civilizational excellence which Tibet had once reached. Nor is it easy to guess the level of cordiality which had
grown in the relationship between Tibet and India over the centuries. The instance of Ye-Shes-sDe amply suggest the closeness which was imbibed by the intellectuals of both countries. But the fact that he is not remembered by the scholars either in Tibet or in India is an act of civilizational disaster. However, by the researches we could have explored at least a part of the greatness of the man and could have given a glimpse of his activities. Reader in Tibetan
Department of Sanskrit and Prakrit Languages,
Lucknow University, Lucknow.
Notes and References:
1. Samuel Beal, Eugene Bumouf, Alexander Csoma de Koros, Ippolito Desideri, Michael Viggo Fausboll, Henri Leon Feer, Philipe Edouard Foticaux, Ivan Pavlovitch Minayeft, Rajendralal Mitra, Friedrich Max Muller, William Woodville Rockhill, Anton von Schiefner, Isaac Jacob Schmidt, Emile Senart, Vasilii Pavlovich Visil’ev. Albrecht Friedrich Weber, Edward Byles Cowell, Sarat Chandra Das, Caroline Augusta Foley Rhys-Davids, Thomas William Rhys-davids, Henrik Kern, BunyiuNanjio. Heimann Beckh, Edward Conze, Palmyr Cordier, Paul Demieville, Edward Hamilton Johnson, Marcelle Lalou, Johannes Nobel, Eugene Obermiller, Louis de la Vallee Poussin, Sylvain Levi, Theodore Stcherbatsky, Daisetz Taitaro Suzuki, Frederick William Thomas, Max Walleser, Friedrich Weller and Susumu Yamaguchi.
2. Rahul Sankrityayana, TibbatMen Bouddha Dharma, Illahabad 1948, Appendix- 8.,
3. Tarthang Tulku, Guide to the Nyingma Edition of the sDe-dge bKa ‘gyur/ bsTan- ‘gyur.
Vol. 1, California, 1980.
4 Ibid
5 Tulku Thondup, Buddhist Civilization in Tibet, Cambridge, U.S.A. 1982.
H.D.Shankalia, Nalanda University,
Lama Taranatha, Dam-pai-chos Rin-po-cha ‘pliags-yul-du .li-lTar Dar-bai-tshul gSal-bar sTon-pa dGos-’dod Kun-’byung.
6. ‘ Jigs-bral Ye-Shes rDo-rJe, IHa-dRang g Yul-Las rGyal-Bai rNGa-Bo-Chei sGra-dByangs.
7. Khetsun Sangpo, Biographical Dictionary of Tibet and Tibetan Buddhism, Vol. iii, Dharamsala,
1973.
8. Ibid, pp. 61-102.
9. Ye-Shes-sDe, (1) Bhadracaryacatustika-pindarthabhismarana,
(2) Drstivisesa
(3) Buddhiitmatika
10. Tarthang Tulku, op. cit.
11. ibid
12. Ibid
13.Ibid
14. Ibid
15.Ibid
Acknowledgement: I am extremely grateful to Prof. Tapas K. Roy Choudhury for writing this article. But for his assistance this research could not have been
