Patriotism, Secularism, and State Shintō

 










===Bibliography===


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Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2005.Armstrong, Robert Cornell. "The Religious Value of Shintō."
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23.11(November 1916), pp.429-433 . ——. "Shintō as a National Cult". In Edwin Taylor Iglehart (ed.)

The Christian Movement inthe Japanese Empire ... A Year Book for 1918.

Tokyo: Fukuin Printing Co., 1918.Breen, John. "Ideologues, Bureaucrats and Priests." In Breen and Teeuwen,



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Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2003.Chamberlain, Basil Hall. “The Invention of a New Religion.” London: Watts and Co, 1912.Chamberlain had claimed in an earlier book that National Teaching ended thereligious period of Japanese nationalism. But here he claims that some kind of “religion” is resurgent. He does not define “religion” so his use of the term may have been figurative.Durkheim, Émile.



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Chicago: University of Chicago, 1922. ——. "Review: The Religions of Japan in the Hastings 'Encyclopaedia'".


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3.2 (1923).Holtom was not the greatest fan of fellow Japanologist W.G. Aston, who saw state shrines asnon-religious. In a later book he seems to rewrite Aston’s views. ——. “A New Interpretation of Japanese Mythology and Its Bearing on the Ancestral Theoryof Shintō”.



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===6.1 (1926). ——. “The Christian Message and Shintō”===.



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July 1927. ——. “The State Cult of Modern Japan”.

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71Re-Romanized from early 20 atakana]]; this is my best guess.

 
Although this is a complete discussion of “religiousness” with regards to the nationalshrine system, the term “State Shintō” is not used; he has not invented it yet. ——. “Modern Shintō as a State Religion.” In Paul S. Mayer (ed.),



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vol. 28. Tokyo: Kyobunkwan, 1930. ——. “Recent Discussion Regarding State Shintō.” In Luman J. Schafer (ed.),



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vol. 29. Tokyo: Kyobunkwan, 1931. ——. “Japanese Christianity and Shintō Nationalism.”


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January 7,1942. ——. “Shrine Worship and the Gods.”

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14.3 (February 1945), 29This article defends state shrines; an interesting change in tone. ——. “The Japanese Mind.”



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, May 28, 1945.With claims like “Buddhist pessimism accentuates primitive impersonality” andreferences to “false gods”, this article seems to reflect Holtom’s missionary attitude.This does not prevent Haring from listing it as a work of “ethnography”.


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32.2 (2005). ——. “The Formative Process of State Shintō in Relation to the Westernization of Japan: theConcept of ‘Religion’ and ‘Shintō’.” In Fitzgerald,
 

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William Axling (tr.) New York: Friendship Press, 1934. ——. "The Church and Present Trends." In Charles W. Iglehart (ed.),


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(A record of charges against the anti-nationalists).Seoul: Paegyŏp Munhwasa, 1949.In postwar Korea, a half-dozen ministers who believed in the non-conflict of shrineattendance with Christianity were arrested for pro-Japanese activism, beginning in1949. The Korean church issued a statement that “since all church leaders

participatedin Shintō worship, they have to purify themselves through penitence before engagingin church activities.” Of course, among Japanese Christians there was no such call for penitence. Declaring the shrines an abhorrent expression of paganism was a politicalmove which

reoriented Korean Christianity with national interests.Kojima Aiko, “Religion or Civil Religion as the Basis of Nationalism?: State Shintō Plan and National Moral in Meiji Japan”. Paper


presented at the annual meeting of the AmericanSociological Association, San Francisco, CA, Aug 14, 2004.Koremaru Sakamoto, “Thoughts on State Shintō Research” (国家神道研究をめぐる断想),in

 

===Kinsei Kindai Shintō Ronkou===



近世・近代神道論考


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===Lee, Kun Sam===.


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23. New York: Funk and Wagnalls, 1900.Mossman, Samuel.

 
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===The Illusion of "Arahitogami" "Kokkashintou".===


Tokyo: PHP Kenkyūjo, 2003.This is a study of the Japanese side of the debate which future research could findextremely useful. Unfortunately because of my limited Japanese knowledge I wasonly able to briefly skim its contents.“Our Enemy: The Japanese”. United States Office of War Information, 1943.Peters, Shawn Francis.

Judging Jehovah's Witnesses: Religious Persecution and the Dawn of the Rights Revolution


. Lawrence, KS: University Press Of Kansas, 2000.Picken, Stuart D.B.
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New York: Penguin, 2003.Sica, Morris G. “The School Flag Movement: Origin and Influence.”


===Social===
 

===Education===


54.6(1990). pp.380-84.A point that might be made in future studies: While the Japanese flag was distributed by the government and poorly received in local communities in the late 19th century,the American flag was being pressed onto Congress by a grassroots patrioticmovement.Scott, J.W.R.
The Foundations of Japan.


New York: Appleton and Co., 1922.Skya, Walter.


===Japan’s Holy War===


. Durham: Duke University Press, 2009.Woodard, William P. “The Foreign Missionary in Japan.” In Charles W. Iglethart (ed.),


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. Tokyo: Kyobunkwan, 1940.Woodard spent much of his life preparing his 1972 book. This short submission to theYear Book demonstrates his keen eye for detail in describing the missionary climatein Japan on the eve of the Pacific War. ——.


===The Allied Occupation of Japan and Japanese Religions.===


New York: Brill, 1972.Woodard refutes the idea that “State Shintō” was non-religious based on the legal point that shrines and sects were managed by the same local bureaus, rather thandiscussing the Christian shrine debate in full. But this is only an appendix to hisunbiased and complete book on the postwar situation, which I am indebted to.Young , Arthur Morgan.


The Rise of a Pagan State


. New York: William Morrow, 1939

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