Hair
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Hair is the long, slender filamentous strands that grow out of the body. In keeping with the understanding of the time, the Buddha usually made a distinction between head hair (kesa) and body hair (loma, M.I,57).
Body hair included the eyebrows (bhamu), eye lashes (pamha), nose hair (nasikaloma), facial hair (massu), pubic hair (sambāhe loma) and the hair in the armpits (upakaccha loma, Vin.IV,260).
Hair has long had a social, religious, erotic and psychological significance. Sikhism teaches that men should not cut their hair, while the Bible condemns long hair on males as against nature (1 Corinthians 11,14).
Islam and Orthodox Judaism require men not to cut their beard. In several religions women must conceal their hair with a vale or wig.
The ancient Indian tradition considered hair to be one of the five types of human beauty, and glossy black head hair and the line of soft down between the pubis and navel (tanuromaraji) had a strong erotic appeal.
The coiffeur’s art was very sophisticated by the Buddha’s time and both men and women paid a great deal of attention to their hair. Women favored parting their hair in the middle (dvedhasira vibhatta), wearing plaits (veṇi, Ja.II,185) and applying sandal oil to it both to perfume it and to make it glisten (Ja.V,156).
The courtesan Ambapālī used to wear her glossy-black hair curled at the ends, with flowers in it, well-parted with a comb, decorated with gold ornaments and adorned with plaits (Thi.252-5).
When Nanda left to become a monk, he looked back and saw his girlfriend with her hair half-combed (upaḍḍhullikhitehi kesehi), an image that later he couldn’t get out of his mind (Ud.22).
For men, sikhābandha consisted of twisting long hair and a long cloth together and then tying it around the head into a turban (D.I,7).
Boys would wear five topknots or buns called cūlaka (Ja.V,250) and women would sometimes have a jeweled diadem attached to theirs (Ja.I,65).
Buns on the back, top or the side of the head were also popular. Bees’ wax and sometimes banyan tree sap was applied to slick the hair down (Vin.II,207) Men trimmed their beards, wore them long, grew goatees (goḷomikam kārāpenti), and shaped them into four points.
They would also pluck out grey hairs to disguise the fact that they were getting old (Vin.II,134).
Some ascetics wore dreadlocks (jaṭā), i.e. the hair matted into long braids and allowed to either hang down or be tied together into various shapes.
When the braids were tied into a bun on the top of the head it was called jaṭaṇḍuva (S.I,117).
Some ascetics wore topknots while others shaved their heads or pulled their hair out (D.I,167). Brahmans probably shaved their heads except for a small part at the back which was left to keep growing, as they still do today.
The Buddha asked his monks to keep their heads and faces shaved and nuns to keep their heads shaved, probably for hygienic reasons and to lessen vanity (Vin.II,207).
Nuns were expected to shave their underarm and pubic hair which was a sign of respectability in women (Vin.IV,260). Monks were also asked to cut the hair in their noses if it got too long so as to avoid having a curious or unpleasant appearance (Vin.II,134) . See Shaving.