Question particle, differentiating and including particle, འབྱེད་སྡུད་
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| Articles on Tibetan Grammar |
| 1. Introduction |
| 2. Formation of the Tibetan Syllable |
| 3. Formation of the Tibetan Word |
| 4. First case: ming tsam |
| 5. La don particles |
| 6. La don particles—Notes |
| 7. Originative case |
| 8. Verbs |
| 9. Verbs—Notes |
| 10. Syntactic particles |
by Stefan J. E.
- Chapter overview: Tibetan Grammar - Syntactic particles
Question particle, differentiating and including particle, འབྱེད་སྡུད་
This particle after a clause can mark a question or mean "or" or "and".
Spelling
| The final letter of the last word is duplicated and placed as an extra syllable with an added མ་. |
- E.g. རྟག་གམ།, བྱུང་ངམ།, ཡོད་དམ།, ཡིན་ནམ།, ཁྱབ་བམ།, སྒོམ་མམ།, ཕྱིར་རམ།, འབྲལ་ལམ།, བྱས་སམ།, གྱུརད་ཏམ།.
In the case of the final letter འ་ the མ་ is added to the འ་ of the word without a duplicated letter.
- E.g. འདའ་ and འམ་ becomes འདའམ།.
In the case of no postfix letter, མཐའ་མེད་, an འམ་ is added to the word or added separately.
- E.g. བྱ་ and འམ་ becomes བྱའམ། or བྱ་འམ།.
Note: ནམ་ when coming before the verb can also be the temporal qualifier or interrogative "when" or "When?".
Question
| མི་དེ་དགྲ་ཡིན་ནམ། |
| person that enemy is "?" |
| Is that person [an] enemy? |
"or" or "and"
| ཟག་བཅས་ཀྱི་ལས་དགེ་བའམ་མི་དགེ་བ་ |
| defiled karma virtues non-virtues |
| defiled karma, either virtues or non-virtues,... defiled karma, be it virtues or non-virtues... |
| བདེ་བའམ་སྡུག་བསྔལ་ལམ་བཏང་སྙོམས་སུ་མྱོང་བའི་ཚོར་བ་འབྱུང་སྟེ། |
| happiness suffering neutral experience sensation arise |
| The sensation of the experience of well-being or the experience of suffering or a neutral experience will arise. |
Source
RigpaWiki:Question particle, differentiating and including particle, འབྱེད་སྡུད་